（整理版高中英语）九动词的时态和语态.doc

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1、九. 动词的时态和语态 动词时态tense是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。 从种类上看英语有16种时态，而其中常用的有11种，表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。 动词各时态名称如下：一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时各时态的英语表达结构以write为例：一般进行完成完成进行现在write, writesam/is/are writinghave/has written

2、have/has been writing过去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been writing将来shall/will writeshall/will be writingshall/will have writtenshall/will have been writing过去将来should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing各时态用法说明 一. 一般现在时 一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数

3、作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外，be和have有特殊的人称形式。如：1.一般动词：I know it. You know it. He/She knows it.We/You/They know it.2.动词be：以am, is, are三种形式出现。 I am a teacher. You are a student. He / She is a student. We/You/They are students.3.动词have：以have, has形式出现。I have a car. You have a car. He / She / has a car.It has a

4、handle. Jack has a paper plane. We/You/They have a car.4.在加词尾-s时要注意：1一般情况加-s, 如：reads, says.2以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es,如：teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes.3)以辅音字母加“y结尾的词把“y改为“i后加-es.如：try-tries，carry-carries.5.加s后的读音：1在P t k f等清辅音后读s, 如：helps, asks.2在sztd等音后读iz, 如：faces, rises, wishes, watche

5、s. 注意 hate - hates词尾读音为ts。动词一般现在时的形式：动词be除第一人称单数用am，第三人称单数用is外，其余一律用are.动词have除第三人称单数用has外，其余全用have。行为动词的一般现在时形式，除第三人称单数动词原形词尾加s或es构成其构成法和读音与名词复数同外，其余一概用动词原形。助动词do和does：单数第三人称中用does，其余人称均用do构成一般现在时行为动词的否认和疑问。注意 have作行为动词表示“有时，美式英语和英式英语有所不同，试比拟。I havent any sisters.英 I dont have any sisters.美-Have yo

6、u any brothers? 英-Yes, I have. / No, I havent.-Do you have any brothers? 美-Yes, I do. / No, I dont.另外，英国人口语常用have(has) got代替havehas)，其否认式常以havent got 代替have not, 以hasnt got 代替has not.一般现在时的根本用法：1)表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有：every day, once a week, often, usually, always,seldom, sometimes等。如：She is an

7、 English teacher. We always care for each other.He gets up at six every day.Tom does homework every evening.2表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如：He works hard. Do you like sports? The boy draws well.3表示客观事物或普遍真理。如：The sun rises in the east. The earth is round.Two plus two is four. He is a doctor.4一般现在时代替一般将来时:在由whe

8、n, before, as soon as, after, as, until, till, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, if, unless, as long as, in case, once等引导的时间、真实条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时，显得更确定。如：When he comes back, well go shopping together.I will go to play if it is fine this afternoon.When you are talkin

9、g with him, dont mention it.在make sure/certain, see(to it) that后的宾语从句中，或主句为一般将来时，宾语从句为wh-从句，从句用一般现在时代替将来时。 Father will see(to it)that the door is closed.爸爸负责关门。 Shell read whichever book you recommend.你推荐哪本书她就读哪本。 Ill make sure (that) the cars locked.我要去弄清楚汽车是否锁好了。某些表动向和起始的动词如：begin, come, go, leave

10、, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等，当其表一个按方案、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语要用一般现在时代替将来时。 I leave for Dalian next Sunday.The meeting begins in a minute. The next train leaves at 12:00.5)表示正在发生的动作。一般现在时，用在由here, there, in, out, down, up等开头的倒装句中，一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。

11、Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.6)电影说明/剧情介绍/新闻标题/小说章节题目/动作解说，特别是电视说词/图片说明/剧本动作说明/戏剧性描绘主要用于小说或报道文字中，由过去时突然转为现在时，使剧情显得历历在目。7)在以下情况下即使主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词仍用原形。a.在一些虚拟语气的句子里，省略了should.I suggest that he take a book with him.b.有一些特定的表示惊讶或感慨的句子里。God save me.上帝救救我。Mr. Li cried out with gre

12、at surprise, “What! My son come here!李先生惊奇地喊道：“什么！我的儿子到这儿来了？！8)在口语中，它间或可以表示一个已经发生的动作这个动作发生的时间在说话人心目中处于很不重要的地位，能这样用的动作不多，如：say, tell, hear, read, forget, answer等：They say Jack is back. Is that true? I forget where he lives. Oh, you answer quite well. He tells me youre going abroad. 9)引用书面材料时，say, tea

13、ch, stress等常用一般现在时，如：Chairman Mao says: “Work is struggle.二、一般过去时 一般过去时表示过去的动作或存在的状态，这个动作可以是一次，也可能是经常性的。如：I went to town yesterday.一次。When I was young, I took cold bath regularly.经常一般过去时里，动词be第一、三人称单数为was,其他人称为were，动词have一律用had。行为动词一律用过去式，没有人称和数的变化。用助动词did构成行为动词的否认和疑问句。一般过去时的用法：1)过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。如：W

14、ho pointed out the mistake?2)过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。He will never be what he used to be.3)在口语中want, hope, wish, wonder, think等动词的过去时表示现在的一种委婉的语气或一种试探性的态度。I wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.I want/wanted to ask if I can/could borrow your bike.I hope/hoped you can/could give us some help.4在虚拟

15、语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设：If I were you, I would help him. Its time you had lunch.5)情态动词的过去式如：could, would, should, might可用于现在或将来表示一种委婉的语气。如：Could you lend me your book? Would you like a cup of tea?What should I do now?6)表示过去经常发生的动作也可用used to 或would两者后接动词原形表示。但前者暗示“现在已不再，可以接状态动词或动作动词；后者不暗示现在的情况，只能接动作动词。

16、如： He is no longer what he used to be. He used to walk after supper, didnt he? I would tell him some stories when I lived there.7)一般过去时常用的状语有：yesterday, in 1990, two years ago, last week，for + 时间段等。如： He fell ill yesterday. We had a good time last Sunday. She got up early when she was young. He work

17、ed there for ten years.有些情况，发生的具体时间不太清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应该用过去时: He was glad to see me. 三、一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间段内经常有的动作或状态。由“助动词shall第一称will第二、三人称+动词原形构成。美国英语中不管什么人称均用will。另外还有其他几种构成形式： be going to do be to do be (not)about to do be doing 一般现在时一般将来时常用的状语有：tomorrow, next week, from now on, in a

18、 month, in the future等。 一般将来时的用法：1shall / will + 动词原形表示不含主观因素的单纯的时间上的将来，特别是谈一连串的事情或在含有时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时。如： I will be fifteen years old next year.Next time Ill try to do better. Ill speak more English and do more reading-aloud.If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.When I see him, Ill tell him ab

19、out it.2条件从句中只有两种情况可用一般将来时：a.表意愿：If they wont co-operate, our plan will fall flat. If you will wait for me, I shall go with you.b.主句的谓语表现在情况：If he wont arrive this morning, why should we wait here?3)用will表示一种倾向、习惯动作或必然趋势。A drowning man will catch a straw.Crops will die without water.Accidents will h

20、appen.意外事故是不可防止的。Children will be children.孩子毕竟是孩子。其否认式可表“不能/没法。This machine wont work. This plan wont act.4“be going to+动词原形：在表示打算或准备做某事时，如不提时间/条件等时，多用此结构。自然现象也用该结构。如： What are you going to do this evening? Im going to finish the work this week. I am going to call on an old friend of mine. Its goin

21、g to rain.5 ) be doing限于某些非延续性动词如go, come, stay, move, leave, start, finish等的进行时表示将来，表示按方案安排要发生的事。此用法具口语性、近期性、动词局限性。参见“现在进行时 I am finishing my work. He is coming. They are leaving for Tibet.6)“be to +动词原形表示吩咐、命令、约定、方案中的或按职业义务、要求即将发生的动作。还可表示“注定会。如：He is to give us a talk. (=He is going to give us a t

22、alk.)The medicine is to be taken three times a day.Where am I to put these books?You are to clean the room.He would not listen to me, so he is to fail.7“be about to +动词原形表示“就要，正要。在这种情况下不可与表将来时间状语连用。如：We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.The meeting is about to begin.8)该时态有时用来表

23、示揣测：That man in the middle will be the visiting minister.或容量：The hall will seat 500 people.9)shall, will还有情态动词用法参见“情态动词局部。四、现在进行时 表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，或现阶段内在进行的动作，汉语常用“正在表示。由“助动词am /is / are + 现在分词词构成。如： Is it raining? I am doing my homework. The students are cleaning the classroom. - What are you doing

24、now? - Im doing some washing.现在进行时的用法：1)说话时正在进行的动作。 Is it snowing now?2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻这一动作不一定在进行。 How are you getting on with your work these days? 3)在时间、条件状语从句中，有时可以用现在进行时表将来，语气比用一般现在时显得更确定。 Dont mention this when you are talking with him.你和他谈话时不要提这件事。4现在进行时有时可用来表示在最近按安排或方案要进行的动作多有表未来的时间状语，但仅限

25、于少量动词：go,stay, come, leave, start, arrive, lunch, return, dine, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, take off等。参见“一般将来时。如：We are going there tomorrow.Im staying there for two weeks.5)现在进行时与频度副词always, all the time, forever, constantly, continuously等词连用，往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of

26、his study.他总是想着他的学习。称赞He is always making the same mistakes.批评6)感觉和状态动词常用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。以下动词表示所给意义时，一般不可用进行时。表感觉的：see看见, look看上去, feel/ find觉得，hear听见, notice觉察到, smell闻起来, sound听起来, taste尝起来等。 表感情的：love爱, like喜欢, hate恨, prefer更喜欢, want想要, wish祝愿, envy(嫉妒；羡慕), desire渴望等。表占有的：have有,own拥有, owe欠,belong属于

27、, possess拥有等。表思想和思考的：believe相信, doubt疑心, hope希望, know懂得, mind在意, mean意味着, remember记得, forget忘记, think认为, understand懂得,recognize意识到, guess猜测, suppose假设, suggest建议, propose提议,等。其他动词：appear出现, concern关心, consist包括, contain包含, matter要紧, cost花费, seem似乎是,remain依然, fit适宜, suit适宜,等。Allow允许, show说明，prove证明,r

28、equire要求等。 I feel a sudden pain in my head.我脑袋突然痛了。He appears to want to go.他好似要走。She feels worse today.她今天感觉更不好受。The dish smells good.这盘菜闻起来很香。注意系动词turn , get, become, grow, go用进行时表示由一种状态转人另一种状态。如： The rich man is becoming poorer and poorer.系动词feel, look一般不用进行时，但它们的表语假设是表示主语的情绪、身体或精神状态的形容词时，既可用一般时，

29、也可用进行时：Hes feeling very bad.连系动词be的一般时即有进行时的含义,所以be一般不用进行时，但假设表示“暂时的或成心的行为也可以用进行时，此时常与这些形容词连用：brave, careless, careful, clever, foolish, friendly, faithful, funny, gentle, good, helpful, impatient, jealous, kind, talkative, stubborn, polite等。 You are stupid.你很糊涂。 You are being stupid.你在装糊涂。 The boy

30、is being nice now.那男孩此刻真乖。短暂动词除用进行式表反复的动作或表将来外，不用进行时。be + 某些介词短语，也可表达进行含义，如：be under repair/under ones leadership/under discussion/in use/on ones way等等。Here/There引起的句中常以一般现在时代替现在进行时。Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming. /There goes the bell. =The bell is ringing.有时两种时态都可用，无多大差异：I wonder(am wonderi

31、ng)how I should answer them./Does your leg hurt (Is your leg hurting)? / It itches (is itching) terribly. / My back aches (is aching).五、过去进行时 过去进行时由“助动词was第一、三人称单数/were其他人称+现在分词构成。主要表示过去某时刻(侯)正在进行的动作。过去进行时与一般过去时的区别是：前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示一个完成的动作。如果用一般过去时,就会给人印象：你已经做完这个动作。但少数动词(如:rain, snow,cough,wear, fee

32、l, work.),用一般过去时并不表示动作的完成,这时两种时态在意义上差异不大:It rained/was raining all day yesterday.He coughed/was coughing the whole night. 在强调动作延续较长时间时,用过去进行时稍好一点。此外,和现在进行时一样,过去进行时可以用来代替一般过去时,表示赞美/厌恶等情绪而带有感情色彩。常用状语有at that time, at this time yesterday等。如：I was reading a novel when he came in.What were you doing at e

33、ight yesterday?I was watching TV all evening.We were cleaning the classroom from 8 to 9.(1)表达故事时,常用过去进行时来描写故事发生的背景。故事中间也会用它来描绘景象。一般地,把故事往下表达时多用一般过去时,而停下来描绘背景或某个景象时,常用过去进行时。(2)正象现在进行时可以表未来动作,过去进行时也可以表从过去某时看来要发生的事。六、将来进行时 由“助动词shall第一人称/will第二、三人称+ be +现在分词构成，美国英语一律用will。主要表示将来某时刻或某一段时间将正在进行的动作。口语中它常用

34、来表示预计即将或势必要发生的动作。它和一般将来时有时只有细微差异Ill see/be seeing him about it tomorrow.)在有些情况下和一般将来时可换用，但它显得更委婉When will you come/be coming?)。如： This time tomorrow, I shall be flying to Shanghai. - What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning? - Ill be working in the fields. I shall be waiting for you in my ro

35、om after supper. Dont come at 7 oclock tomorrow. He will be working then.七、现在完成时 现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但与现在情况有关，即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。现在完成时由“助动词have / has过去分词构成，现在完成时常用的状语有just, already, ever, never, before, yet, notyet, up to now, today, this month, lately, recently, so far, ever since, in the last / past f

36、ew years等。如： -Where have you been? -I have been to the street. Have you ever been to Shanghai? He has gone to the library. I have lost my book. Who has opened the door? Have you had your supper? I have never seen such a big apple. He has remembered 500 words this month. Great changes have taken plac

37、e in the last ten years.注意 现在完成时强调对现在的影响，是现在时态，因此不能和表示具体的过去时间连用，如：yesterday, last month, three days ago, in 1960等。但可以和表示模糊的过去时间的before连用。现在完成时的用法：过去开始的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在: I have lived here for 20 years.动作持续 He has been here for two hours.状态持续有少量动词work,study,teach,live,)可表一直延续到现在的一个动作，但大多数动词不可这样，而应该用现在完

38、成进行时。注意：have been to表示“曾经去过某地，现已回来；have gone to表示“已经去某地，现在还没回来由于arrive,come,become,join和get up等动词表短暂动作不可延续，需要借助含be的结构来表示延续的状态。表某动作曾经发生过，对现在来讲已成为既往的经历：I have met him .我见过他/我已见了他。He has tasted it. 他尝过/他已经尝了。表示一个断断续续的动作对现在产生的量结果：I have picked five baskets of apples.We have learnt ten English songs.表示到目

39、前为止多少次或第几次干某事。He has been to Beijing several times.Its the third time that I have seen the film.说明现在完成时常与lately, recently, so far, already, these days, ever,just,up to now等表时间的副词或时间短语连用。 I have finished reading five books so far.常与for构成的表时间段的状语连用有时for省略，如：He has lived here for five years.He has been

40、 in the army for three years.现在完成时可与since连用, since后加时间点词语或含一般过去时的从句。也可单独在句尾使用since自那以后, 此时since为副词。 I have lived here since five years ago. I havent seen him since 1987. I havent seen him since he left here. He moved here in 1980, and has lived here since.注意1)since后用的动词不同，动作的起算时间不同：since终止性动词的过去式，从该

41、动作发生时算起。since延续性动词的过去式，从该动作结束时算起。 Mr. Li has been here since he came back. 自从李先生回来以后，他一直在这儿。 I havent heard from him since he lived here. 自从他不住在这儿以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。但也有例外，如： Ive known Mr. Smith since I was a boy. 我小的时候就认识史密斯先生了。2)在“It is +段时间 + since句型中，时间一律以since从句的动作完成时算起，如： Its two years since we arr

42、ived here.我们到这儿两年了。 It was years since I had seen her.我认识她好几年了。在时间和条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作： Ill go and see the exhibition as soon as I have got the recorder fixed.这里用现在完成时是表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，如果两个动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，一般就不用这个时态。在这样的情况下特别是当我们用get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return等代表瞬间完成的动作时，多用一般现在时

43、。有时两种时态都可用：I wont believe you until Ive seen it with my own eyes.我要亲眼看到它，我才会相信你。Well leave as soon as it stops/has stopped raining.Ill tell him after you leave/have left.ItThis/Thatis the first(second) time that. ItThis/Thatis the first(second) that.ItThis/Thatis the onlythatItThis/Thatis the best(b

44、iggest) that以上句型的主句用一般现在时或一般将来时，从句用现在完成时；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。It is the first time that I have seen so much money.这是我头一次看到这么多的钱。It is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好电影。It will be the second car that I have bought. 那将是我买的第二辆车。It was the second time that I had been hurt by his words.这是我第二次被他

45、的话所伤。It was the most interesting book that I had ever read.它是我曾经读过的最有趣的书。在must ( may, should等情态动词+ have +动词过去分词，表示推测和假设意义的句子里，可以与表示过去的时间状语连用详见情态动词。It must have rained last night.现在完成时与延续性动词和非延续性动词。 a.延续性动词可用现在完成时，并可接表时间段的状语。 I have worked here for ten years. b.非延续性动词也可用现在完成时，但肯定句中不接since/for引出的表示时间段的状语否认句中可以。常用的瞬间动词有go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, marry, die, fall, finish, stop, start, lose, sell, kill, break, meet, close, open, graduate, join等。如：He has died.He has died for ten years.He died ten years ago.I havent re