2017版高考英语一轮总复习-专题2-代词和介词ppt课件.ppt

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1、专题二 代词和介词 代词思维流程知识点一人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、 指示代词及疑问代词的用法1.人称代词和物主代词 人称分类单数复数一二三一二三人称代词主格Iyouhe，she，itweyouthey人称代词宾格meyouhim，her，itusyouthem形容词性物主代词myyourhis，her，itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myself yourselfhimself，herself，itselfourselvesyours-elvesthem-selves指示代词this，thatthe

2、se，thoseso，such疑问代词who，whom，whose，which，what2.含有反身代词的习惯用语by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自of oneself自动地 in oneself本质上，本身help oneself to随便吃/用 enjoy oneself玩得开心teach oneself自学 make yourself at home别客气say to oneself自言自语 think for oneself独立思考seat oneself就座 come to oneself苏醒，恢复知觉be not oneself身体不舒服 behave ones

3、elf举止规矩3.指示代词this, that，these，those，such，so的用法指示代词用法this/these指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物that/those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that可指上文提到过的人或物such指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数so代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此，这样”。在believe, think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点What I want to say is this：you sho

4、uld grasp every minute to finish your work.我想说的是，你应该抓住每一分钟的时间完成你的工作。Such is the power of the TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.这就是电视的力量，它可以使人一夜成名。4.one，ones, the one, the ones, that，those, it作替代词时的区别替代词用法one替代上文单数可数名词，表泛指，同类不同一，相当于“a/an单数名词”onesone的复数形式。替代上文出现的名词复数，表泛指，同类不同一the one替代上文出现的

5、可数名词单数，表特指，同类不同一，相当于“the单数名词”the onesthe one的复数形式。替代上文出现的复数名词，表特指(有后置定语时相当于those)，同类不同一that替代上文出现的单数可数名词或不可数名词，表特指，同类不同一，相当于“the单数可数名词/不可数名词”。一般不和冠词连用，其后总有修饰语thosethat的复数形式。替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，表特指，同类不同一it替代上文提到的“同一”事物。不能带任何修饰语The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one.这趟火车太挤了，所以我们决定

6、乘坐下一班。His own experience was different from that of his friends.他自己的体会和朋友们的体会不同。I love the springit is a wonderful time of the year.我喜欢春天这是一年中一段美妙的时节。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌子上面的书比桌子下面的书要好。5.疑问词what的用法1.人称代词指代的数前后要一致。2.句中没有谓语，人称代词用宾格。如：Me, too.我也是。3.人称代词作

7、主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格。在作表语时，用宾格较多，例如：Who is knocking at the door?Its me.但在强调结构中却常用主格：It was he who did it.It is she who wants these clothes.4.名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词。用括号中所给代词的适当形式填空1.If you would like some fish, do help _ (you).2.I dont think these jackets are Johns and Toms._ (they) must be in the next room.3.E

8、verybody is doing _ (they) best for the four modernizations.4.Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. Why _ (I)？John is sitting there doing nothing.5.My grandpa still treats me like a child.He cant imagine _ (I)grown up.6.Sorry, its _ (I)who am impolite to you, so I apologize to you.答案1.yo

9、urself/yourselves 2.Theirs3.their4.me5.me6.I他右手拿着书。【误】He held a book in right hand.【正】He held a book in his right hand.误点：_解答考查it，one (ones), that (those)的用法和区别的题目的关键是明确以下几点：1.被替代的对象与上文出现的人或事物是否是同一个或同一类。2.被替代的对象表示泛指意义还是特指意义。3.被替代的对象是可数名词还是不可数名词，如果是可数名词，是单数还是复数。用one, it或that填空7.A desk made of wood la

10、sts longer than _ made of plastics.8.This news is less exciting than _.9.There is only one dictionary left in the bookstore.Please go to buy _.答案7.one8.that9.it没有一个面包像这个通过自己的辛勤汗水挣来的一样甜。【误】No bread eaten by man is so sweet as it earned by his own labour.【正】No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that ea

11、rned by his own labour.误点：_知识点二不定代词1.3组不定代词对比识记(1)either，both，neither，all，none，anyeither 肯定意义表示两者中的一个，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数both肯定意义表示“两者都”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数neither 否定意义表示“两者都不”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数all肯定意义作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致none否定意义作主语后接复数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数；后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数any肯定意义作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可，常与of连用As the

12、two dictionaries are useful, Ill take both and either of them is very important to me.由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都带走，每一本对我来说都非常重要。Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。All horses are animals, but not

13、 all animals are horses.所有的马都是动物，但是并不是所有的动物都是马。点津both，all与not连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用neither，none。(2)none, nobody/no one, nothingnone既可指人也可指物，多与表示范围的介词of连用；与数量有关，可回答how many或how much类的问句，表示“一个也没有”nobody/no one不能与of连用，只能指人，表示“什么人也没有”，可回答who引导的疑问句nothing表示“什么也没有”，用来否定一切，可回答what引导的疑问句(2013江西，23)Nobody can be

14、 good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他热爱它。None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.他们中没有人知道那项计划，因为它还是个秘密。(3)the other, other, another, othersthe otherthe other指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one.the other.“一个另一个”，作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“全部其余的”otherother不能单独使用，只能修饰

15、名词，表示泛指意义another可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few复数名词”形式，表示“另外的(多少)”others单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the othersI have two books；one is English, and the other is French.我有两本书，一本是英语，另一本是法语。Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for

16、 goods from one store to another.网上购物使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。Some wanted to see one programme while others preferred another.I was happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing.一些人喜欢看一个节目，另一些人却

17、喜欢看另外的节目。而我任何节目都看得很高兴，但是，其余人却花大量时间去争论2.其他不定代词(1)each，every的区别each 表示两者或两者以上的“每一个”，强调“个体”，倾向于把整体分开来考虑，作代词或形容词，可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。Each of them has a mobile phone.(作主语)他们每一个都有一部手机。Each room can seat at least fifty people.(作定语)每个房间至少能坐50人。We each have a textbook.(作同位语)我们每个人有一本教科书。代词each作同位语，谓语动词与主语we保持一致。e

18、very指三者或三者以上的“每一个”，强调“全体”，暗示无一例外，在句中只能作定语。Every student went to the Great Wall with their teachers last Sunday.上周日全体师生去爬的长城。(2)some、any的区别some 用于肯定句；any则用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。any用于肯定句时，含义为“任何”。Some of the milk has gone bad.有一些牛奶坏了。I havent got any money on me.我身上没带钱。You may choose any student to do the rese

19、arch.你可以选择任何学生来做这项调查。(3)many、much的区别many用作不定代词时，替代可数名词复数；用作形容词时，修饰可数名词复数。much用作不定代词时，替代不可数名词；用作形容词时，修饰不可数名词。Not many wanted to change their life in the town.镇上想改变自己生活的人并不多。Many people are present now.现在有很多人在场。The man didnt say much about the accident.那个男子对那起事故没有说太多。He is a poor man；he doesnt have mu

20、ch money.他是个穷人，他的钱不多。(4)few, a few, little, a little的区别few 几乎没有，表否定，代替或修饰可数名词。a few 几个，一些，表肯定，代替或修饰可数名词。little 几乎没有，表否定，代替或修饰不可数名词。a little 一点儿，表肯定，代替或修饰不可数名词。few, a few 作主语修饰名词时，谓语动词用复数；little, a little 作主语修饰名词时，谓语动词用单数。代词的选用关键：分析句子逻辑关系作出正确判断(1)代词表示的是两者还是多者？(2)代词表示的是肯定还是否定意义？1.Look! _of his hands i

21、s covered with muddy.What a naughty boy!2.Look! _of his hands are covered with muddy.What a naughty boy!3._ of his parents is from Hawaii.They _ come from San Francisco.4._of the answers are not right.Some of them are apparently wrong.答案1.Either2.Both3.Neither; both4.Allnone具有名词的性质，在句中可作主语、宾语或同位语等。作

22、主语，代表复数名词时，谓语动词用单复数均可；指代不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数。“none of不可数名词”作主语时后接单数谓语动词，“none of复数名词”作主语时后接复数或单数谓语动词均可。None of the telephones is/are working.没有一部电话是好的。选用不定代词填空，体会其含义5.Some people think playing computer games benefits children a lot while _hold the opposite view.6.Can I help you?This radio doesnt work.Plea

23、se show me _.7.I am just familiar with one of the two visitors to our school._is strange to me. 8.Helping _ people in danger is a good virtue.答案5.others6.another 7.The other8.other我不在家时有人找我吗？没有。【误】Did anyone ask for me when I was out? None.【正】Did anyone ask for me when I was out?No one.误点：_名词在each o

24、f之后，前面要加定冠词。每个学生都有一本英汉词典。【误】Each of students has an English-Chinese dictionary.【正】Each of the students has an English-Chinese dictionary.误点：_若疑问句表示请求、建议，用some，不用any。如：May I ask you some questions？(请求)Would you like some coffee？(建议)单句改错9.How many did you spend on it?改：_10.Many work has been done.改：_1

25、1.There wont be some trouble.改：_答案9.manymuch10.ManyMuch11.someany完成句子12._ of them have been to London.他们中几乎没人去过伦敦。13.There are _ mistakes in his composition.他的作文中有几处错误。14.Hurry up.There is _ time left.快点，快没时间了。答案12.Few13.a few14.little知识点三it的用法1.指时间、距离、天气、日期、温度等。Its early spring, but it is already h

26、ot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。2.指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词this，that。Although he didnt like it, I decided to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢这部电影，我还是决定去看一看。3.当说话者弄不清对方是谁，不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用it来指代。What will you call it if it is a boy?要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？4.作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或名词性从句。It is dangerous for you to swim in the

27、 river.你在这条河里游泳是危险的。(it作形式主语，to swim in the river是真正的主语)He didnt make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。(it作形式宾语，从句when and where.是真正的宾语)【归纳总结】常用it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式：It is a pity/shame that.真可惜/丢人It is no wonder that.难怪It seems/appears that.似乎/看来It looks/seems as if/though.看

28、起来好像It happens that.碰巧It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that.某人突然想起It is said/reported/announced/believed/hoped/suggested that.据说/据报道/据宣布/人们认为/人们希望/人们建议It is no use/good doing sth做某事没有用/好处It takes sb some time to do sth做某事花费某人多长时间It is certain that.是一定的主语表示情感倾向的动词(enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate

29、, dislike, appreciate等)itthat/if/when.5.用于强调句型“It is/was被强调部分that/who.”Johns success has nothing to do with good luck.It is years of hard work that has made him what he is today.约翰的成功和好运气没关系，是多年的努力工作才使他有了今天。为了方便记忆it作形式宾语的结构，我们可称其为“6123结构”：6指常用的动词：think，consider, believe, find, make，feel；1指的是形式宾语it；2

30、指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式、动名词或从句。如果你把音乐关小一些，我将非常感激。【误】I would appreciate if you would turn the music down.【正】I would appreciate it if you would turn the music down.误点：_用适当的词填空1.The doctor thought _ would be good for you to have a holiday.答案it此处it would be good for you to have a holiday是宾语从

31、句作thought的宾语。it在这个宾语从句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。句意：医生认为去度假对你是有益的。2.The fact that she was foreign made _ difficult for her to get a job in that country.答案it句意：她是外国人的事实使得她在那个国家很难找到工作。用it作made的形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾补之后，其他词没有这种用法。3.填一填as it is_It depends._Dont mention it._Take it easy._believe it or not_see to it th

32、at._depend on it that._take it for granted that._make it_答案照现状视情况而定。不客气。别着急。信不信由你确保相信 认为是理所当然的成功，做到 介词思维流程知识点一介词一、表示时间的介词1.at，in, on，byat(1)表示时间点、时刻等。 at 10：00，at noon，at midnight，at sunrise(2)表示较短暂的一段时间或被认为是标志大事的节日。at Christmas in(1)用于世纪、朝代、年代、月、季节或泛指上午、下午、傍晚等一段时间的名词前。in the 1990s，in the Tang Dynas

33、ty，in October，in spring，in the morning (2)表示在一段时间之后。Ill be back in three hours.我将在三小时之后回来。on表示具体的某-天或某天的上午、下午、晚上等。 on September 2nd，on a sunny day，on the morning of May 1st by(1)表示“不迟于，在前”。 The meeting should have finished by 4：30.会议本来应该在4：30之前结束。(2)表示“在期间，在时间内”。He worked by day and slept by night.他

34、白天工作，夜里睡觉。2.in，after的用法in和after后都可以接时间段，表示“在之后”，但in常与将来时连用，after常与过去时连用。We will meet again in two weeks.两周后我们会见面的。They finished the task after two days.两天后他们完成了任务。3.for，since，from的用法(1) “for时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了多久，可与现在完成时、过去时或将来时连用。I have lived in this city for more than 10 years.我在这座城市住了10多年了。I worked in

35、 this company for three years.我曾在这家公司工作了三年。(2)“since时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间，常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用。He has worked in this company since graduation.自从毕业后他就在这家公司工作。Tom has been doing his homework since 7 oclock.汤姆从7点开始就一直在做他的家庭作业。(3) “from时间点”只表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短。句子时态根据from后的时间而定。“from (过去)

36、时间点”常与一般过去时连用； “from(现在/将来)时间点”常与一般将来时连用。She began to learn to sing from the age of five.她从5岁就开始学唱歌。4.before，by的用法(1) before与by都可表示“在之前”，但by表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内。如果by后接表示将来的时间，则与将来时或将来完成时连用；如果by后接表示过去的时间，则与过去完成时连用。Well have finished the work by ten oclock tomorrow.我们在明天十点之前就会完成这项工作。(2)before后接时间点，则表示“在某时

37、之前”，不包括某时在内。I will be back before supper.晚饭前我会回来的。5.till和until的用法till和until均表示一个动作或状态一直持续到某一时间；until较正式，在肯定句中和延续动词连用，表示一直持续到until后面的时间为止；在否定句中和非延续动词连用，表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。He worked until midnight.他一直工作到深夜。He didnt go to bed until midnight.他直到深夜才上床睡觉。巧记介词in, on，at表时间的用法：at用在时刻前，亦与正午、午夜连，黎明、终止和开端，at与

38、之紧相伴。周月季年长时间，in须放在其前面，泛指一晌和傍晚，也要放在in后面。on指特定某一天，日期、星期和节日前，某天上下午和夜晚，依然要在on后面。今明昨天前后天，上下这那每之前，at, in, on都不填，此乃习惯记心间。注：“上下这那每之前”是指last/next/this/that/every之前。当名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each，some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。this morning今天上午， last year去年1.汉译英在妇女节_在20世纪80年代_在一个下雪的夜晚_在清朝_答案on Womens Dayin the 1980s/

39、1980son a snowy nightin the Qing Dynasty2.用in，after填空She came back_a few days.It will be finished_a few minutes.答案afterinfor和since都常与完成时连用，但for后接时间段，since后接时间点。如for two hours两小时；since last week自上周以来。3.用for，since或from填空Festivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere_ancient times.Sh

40、e lives in China now.She lived in America_three years.He has stayed in Shanghai_three days.You will pay attention to your spelling_now.答案sinceforfor from4.用before，by填空He will have finished it _9 oclock tomorrow.We usually have a bath_having breakfast.答案bybefore5.用till/until填空I shall wait_ten oclock.

41、He didnt leave_ten oclock.答案till/untiluntil二、表示方位的介词1.at和in的区别 at指较小的地方。 Well meet each other at the gate.我们将在门口见面。 in指较大的地方。 Mr.Wang has worked in London for ten years.王先生已经在伦敦工作10年了。2.in，to，on用在方位名词前的区别 in表示在某一范围之内。 Jiangsu lies in the east of China.江苏位于中国的东部。 to表示在某一范围之外。 Japan lies to the east o

42、f China.日本在中国的东面。 on表示两地接壤。 Mongolia lies on the north of China.蒙古在中国的北面。3.between和among的区别 between表示两者之间。 This secret is only between you and me.这是你我之间的秘密。among表示三者或三者以上的同类事物之间。 Robert was the only person among them who had ridden the horse.罗伯特是他们中唯一骑过马的人。 4.along，across，through的区别along表示“沿着一条直线在水平

43、方向上运动”。 I walked along the river.我沿着河边走。 across表示“从的一边到另一边”，强调横过。 I walked across the square.我走过广场。 through侧重从一端穿到另一端。 I walked through the woods.我散步穿过树林。 5.past，over，across，through的用法The Great Wall winds its way from west to east，across deserts，over mountains，through valleys，till at last it reaches

44、 the sea.长城从西向东越过沙漠，跨过高山，穿过深谷，蜿蜒而行，最后直抵大海。The crowd of people walked past the City Hall to the Center Square.一群人经过市政厅走到了中心广场。6.above，over，under，below，on，beneath的用法Be careful，there is a heavy box over your head.小心，你头上方有个很重的箱子。The sun is above the mountain in the east.太阳就在东方，那座山的上方。There are some stam

45、ps on the desk.桌子上有一些邮票。The position he pointed to was below the sea level.他所指的那个位置低于海平面。The little mouse is under the table，so it is not easy to find it.那只小老鼠在桌子底下，因此找到它很不容易。7.beyond，within的用法 (1)beyond(表示位置)在的那边；(表示范围、限度)超出，非所及。 (2)within在范围以内，不超过。 Science is developing so fast that it is beyond o

46、ur imagination.科学发展速度之快超出了我们的想象。It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot within easy reach.在厨房里把你常用的东西放在容易够着的地方会节省时间。【图解方位介词】如果指三个及三个以上的人或物中的每两个之间，仍然要用between。如：Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。6.Young children are often advised not to

47、spoil their appetite by eating sweets_the three meals.答案betweenbetween指在两者之间。这里的三餐指的是早中餐之间和中晚餐之间，属于两者范畴。7.Four Chinese models were_the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.答案amongamong表示“三者或三者以上的同类事物之间”。根据题干中“在获奖的14个人里边，中国模特占4人”可知，填among。8.We should talk about the t

48、hings_the childrens understanding in a simple way.答案beyond句意：我们应该用一种简单的方式谈论超过孩子们理解能力的东西。9.They walked_the square，and then_the dark forest.10.The Great Wall winds its way from west to east，_deserts, over mountains，_valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.11.Sean has formed the habit of jogging_the t

49、ree-lined avenue for two hours every day.12.There is a lamp hanging_the desk.13.There is a glass on the table, a map of the world on the wall, and a clock_this map.答案9.across；through 10.across；through11.along12.over13.above三、工具、手段、方式介词1.by，in，on三词都可以表示旅行的方式。by(1)by与某些不涉及交通工具的名词连用，表示交通方式，名词前不带冠词。by s

50、ea，by water，by land，by rail，by air (2)by与某些交通工具名词连用，但名词须用单数，其前不加冠词或任何修饰语。by bike，by taxi，by plane，by ship/boat，by train，by spaceship in/on当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用in或on，名词前用冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰。in this plane，in a car，on an early train，on my bike，on the horse2.with，by，in三词均可表示“用”，表示行为的方式、手段或使用的工具。with用于有形的工具或身体