新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元SectionBppt课件.pptx

《新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元SectionBppt课件.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元SectionBppt课件.pptx（79页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、 1UNITWhy do smart people do dumb things? To master the reading skillTo understand the textTo practice the phrases and patternsTo learn about writing a survey report Warming-up Reading Skills Text Study Comparative Study Unit ProjectBSectionBSection Warming-upVideo Watching1. What are the two exampl

2、es of Sunk Costs Fallacy mentioned in the video?2. According to the speaker, what are Sunk Costs and what is the meaning of Sunk Costs Fallacy ?1. What are the two examples of Sunk Costs Fallacy mentioned in the video?Example one: go to a store / closed / 10 blocks / wasted Example two: career / not

3、 fulfilling / stick with it / dont want past ten years / effects, time and money / wasted Sunk Costs: Time, money, effects or whatever youve spend. 2. According to the speaker, what are the Sunk Costs and what is the meaning of Sunk Costs Fallacy?Sunk Costs Fallacy: make choice / not base on / best

4、/ desire / not / past investment / wasted.1. What is Cognitive Bias?2. What is Fundamental Attribution Error?3. What is Confirmation Bias?1. What is Cognitive Bias? A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations, leading to perceptual distortion, inaccura

5、te judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. Many cognitive biases (认知偏差) are often studied for how they affect business and economic decisions and how they affect scientific and experimental researches.2. What is Fundamental Attribution Error? A Fundamental Attrib

6、ution Error (基本归因错误) is a cognitive bias in social psychology. It refers to the tendency to judge a person in an unpleasant situation in a bad light and attribute his behavior to internal causes and qualities rather than consider the situation or circumstances that may have caused the person to beha

7、ve in that manner. But, if we ourselves made the same errors, we would easily attribute the causes to external factors.3. What is Confirmation Bias? A Confirmation Bias (确定性偏差) is a cognitive bias whereby one tends to notice and look for information that confirms ones existing beliefs, whilst ignori

8、ng anything that contradicts those beliefs. It is a type of selective thinking. For example: After having bought a piece of clothing, you will look for the same clothing in a more expensive store to confirm that you have bought a bargain.BSection Reading SkillsSkimming is a method of rapidly moving

9、the eyes over a text with the purpose of getting the main idea or a general overview of its content. For example, many people skim read a newspaper article just to get a quick overview, or a text to see whether its worth reading in detail. The key word for skimming is “general”. SkimmingSome steps t

10、o help you to skim an article1 Read the title it is the shortest possible summary of the content of the article.2 Read the introduction or lead-in paragraph(s).3 Read any sub-headings, and identify the relationships between them.4 Read the first sentence of each remaining paragraph; the main idea of

11、 most paragraphs appears in the first sentence. SkimmingTo be continued 5 Alternately read and “float” over the body of the article, looking for the following: Clues about who, what, when, where, how many, how much Connective words and phrases such as furthermore, also, however and on the contrary6

12、Read the concluding paragraph(s) completely. SkimmingSome steps to help you to skim an articleSkim Text B to find answers to the following questions. 1 What is this text mainly about? 2 What common cognitive biases can cause smart people to make bad decisions? 3 How can we avoid being affected by va

13、rious types of cognitive biases when making a decision?Practice SkimmingBSection Text Study1. What is the traditional view about smart people according to Paragraph 1? (Para. 1) 2. What is the most typical characteristic of the fundamental attribution error? (Para.3)3. What will you be affected if y

14、ou are only interested in evidence that is in agreement with your own belief? (Para.5) 4. When does the overconfidence bias usually occur? (Para.7) 5. Why does the availability bias leads to strange and inaccurate conclusions? (Para.8)6. Why dont people want to leave a bad investment situation and c

15、ommit the sunk cost fallacy? (Para.11)7. What is the purpose of this text? 1. What is the traditional view about smart people according to Paragraph 1? 00Smart people, by virtue of what theyve learned, will formulate better decisions.原句：原句：Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectualrigor high

16、ly in the modern realm of universitiesand tech industry jobs. (Para. 1, L1)解释解释: : Intelligence and the ability to think logically have long been regarded as important qualities in modern universities and in jobs related to the technology industry.译文：译文：传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。2. What is

17、the most typical characteristic of the fundamental attribution error? (Para.3) One of the most common biases is what is known as the fundamental attribution error. Through this people attribute the _ to _ and their own to _, subconsciously considering their own characters to be _.failures of othersc

18、haracter flaws mere circumstancestainless3. What will you be affected if you are only interested in evidence that is in agreement with your own belief? (Para. 5) A The fundamental attribution error. B The confirmation bias.C The overconfidence bias. D The availability bias.Choose the best answer to

19、the question.原句原句：Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requiresexploring both sides of an argument with equaldiligence. (Para. 6, L5) 解释解释: : Therefore, to be able to use your intelligence to overcome the confirmation bias requires you to analyze both sides of an argument with equal efforts.译文：译文：

20、所以，要克服“确定性偏差”，就要以同样的努 力认真探究论点的正反两面。4. When does the overconfidence bias usually occur? (Para. 7) Overconfidence bias most frequently comes into play in areas where someone has _ _ estimating how many people are in a crowded plaza, for example, or how likely it will rain. no direct evidence and must

21、make a guess Because it causes people to use evidence that is not so convincing and strong.5. Why does the availability bias leads to strange and inaccurate conclusions? (Para. 8)6. Why dont people want to leave a bad investment situation and commit the sunk cost fallacy? (Para. 11)A Because they do

22、nt want to admit that they have made a poor decision. B Because they will lose more money if they decide not to continue it.C Because they will have greater chances to win if they are patient.D Because they dont want their previous investments to be wasted.Choose the best answer to the question.原句原句

23、：Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return, but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds. (Para. 11, L2)解释解释: : Gamblers who engage themselves into highly risky situations put money into a slot machine, expecting to get big

24、 amounts of money back. But each time they pull the lever on the machine, they lose some money trying their luck.译文：译文： 赌徒们冒着高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得 到很大的回报，但随着一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一 次次把钱赌输了。译文：译文：当涉及重要决策时，最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据；同时，要保持警惕，那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。原句原句：When a decision matters, it is best to rely on watertight

25、 logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.(Para. 14，L1)解释解释: : When you make an important decision, it is always best to rely on sound logic and a careful analysis of the evidence and to keep in mi

26、nd that what seems to be good at first can often lead to errors of judgment. The purpose of this text is try to help us learn about cognitive biases and be better at decision-making. 7. What is the purpose of this text? cognitive fundamental attribution errorcircumstance Confirmationpre-existing hyp

27、othesesoverconfidence100 percent sure correct 80 percenterrors biggest plane crash in history happened theredamaging situationswatertight logicremain aware1. by virtue of 因为；由于；凭借2. factor sth. into sth. 把考虑在内3. attribute sth. to sb. / sth. 把归因于4. come into play 开始起作用5. in that 因为；由于6. in a row 连续地7

28、. be / get stuck on sth. 被困住；被难住8. subject to sth. 易受影响的因为；由于；凭借因为；由于；凭借(has access to / available) By virtue of his work, he has access to a tremendous amount of the latest data available in this field.by virtue of短语逆译短语应用由于工作原因，他有机会接触这一领域可以得到的大量的最新数据。意群提示把把考虑在内考虑在内factor sth. into sth.短语逆译(calorie

29、s) Now it has become more popular for people tofactor calories into their food choices. 短语应用现在人们在选择食物时把热量考虑在内已变得更加普遍了。意群提示把把归因于归因于(material and labor) The company attributed the loss to higher material and labor costs.attribute sth. to sb. / sth.短语逆译短语应用公司把亏损归因于原料及劳动力成本的上涨。意群提示开始起作用开始起作用(underneath

30、/ seemingly) Underneath the surface of this seemingly easy decision, there were so many other details that came into play. come into play短语逆译短语应用在这一看似简单的决定的外表之下，有许多其他细节都起了作用。意群提示因为；由于因为；由于(market competition / keep prices down/consumer) Market competition is good in that it tends to keep prices down

31、, which will definitely benefit all consumers.in that短语逆译短语应用市场竞争是好事，因为它往往会使价格下降,这必定给消费者带来福利。意群提示连续地连续地(share price / fraud squad officer / raid ) The companys share price has fallen for three days in a row after fraud squad officers raided its offices.in a row短语逆译短语应用反欺诈小组的工作人员突击搜查了这家公司的办公室后这家公司的股价

32、已连续三天下跌。意群提示被被困住；被困住；被难住难住(negotiation / key issues / ambassador ) If the negotiations did get stuck on a number of key issues, Id ask the ambassador for help. be / get stuck on sth. 短语逆译短语应用如果谈判确实在一些重大问题上陷入僵局，我会去找大使帮忙。意群提示易受易受影响的影响的(overseas holiday / surcharges) The prices of overseas holidays are

33、 subject to some surcharges.subject to sth.短语逆译短语应用海外度假游的价格受各种附加费的影响。意群提示1. Doing sth. give sb. an awareness of sth./ doing sth.用于表达“做某事使某人意识到其他事情” 。2. Sb. might assume that, because用于表示“某人由于某些原因而假定某事”。3. Doing sth. calls for sth. else， not用于表达“做成某事的首要因素，排除错误因素”。只要知道这些偏差如何发生及在何种情况下发生，你就能意识到自身的缺陷。原句译

34、文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Understanding how and in what situations they occur can give you an awareness of your own limitations. (Para. 2)句型提炼句型提炼Doing sth. give sb. an awareness of sth./ doing sth.句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示用于表达“做某事使某人意识到其他事情”。句型应用句型应用(legal sanction / jail / abiding ) Receiving the legal sanction in the

35、jail gives him an awareness of the importance of knowing the laws and abiding them.典型例句在狱中接受法律的制裁使他意识到知法守法的重要性。意群提示你可能会毫无根据地假定自己的房子会升值，哪怕周围百分之九十的房子都已经贬值了，因为你总认为自己的能力更强。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习You might assume, without evidence, that the price of your house will go up even though 90 percent of them have drop

36、ped in price, because you yourself are more competent. (Para. 4)句型提炼句型提炼Sb. might assume that, because句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示用于表达“某人由于某些原因而假定某事”。句型应用句型应用(stock market / retained earning) You might assume that the stock market will never fell to a new low, because companies have invested their retained earn

37、ings.典型例句你可能认为股市不会跌入新低，因为企业拿出留存盈利来投资股市。意群提示要排除“可得性偏差”，就必须在作某一具体决定时，以实证方法所取得的证据为依据，而不是以与现实不太相符的某个鲜明的记忆为依据。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Repelling the availability bias calls for an empirical approach to a particular decision, one not based on the obscured reality of vivid memory. (Para. 10)句型提炼句型提炼Doing sth. calls

38、 for sth. else, not句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示用于表达“做成某事的首要因素,排除错误因素” 。句型应用句型应用(championship / constant / opponent) Winning the championship calls for constant practice, not focusing your energy on your opponent. 典型例句要想在锦标赛中获胜就必须不断的努力练习，而不是把精力放在关注你的对手上。意群提示 1.认知偏差cognitive biases 2.意识到自身的缺陷awareness of own limi

39、tations 3.基本归因错误fundamental attribution error 4. 心胸狭窄地对别人评价 petty judgments about other people 5.忽略了某些要点fail to recognize valid points 6.有可能起作用comes into play 7.出庭作证testify in a court trial 8.冒着高风险with a high threshold for risk 9.沉没成本谬误sunk cost fallacy 10.依靠严密的逻辑rely on watertight logic 传统观念将智力和思维的

40、缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。 a. Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectual rigor highly in the modern realm of universities and tech industry jobs. b. Through this people attribute the failures of others to character flaws and their own to mere circumstance, subconsciously considering their own

41、characters to be stainless. 犯这种错误的人会将别人的失败归因于性格缺陷，而将自己的失败仅仅归因于周遭环境，潜意识中认为自己的性格是完美无瑕的。 c. Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return, but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds. 赌徒们冒着高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得到很大的回报，但随着一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一次

42、次把钱赌输了。 当涉及重要决策时，最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据；同时，要保持警惕，那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。 d. When a decision matters, it is best to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.2. Are people smart in the s

43、ame way or in different ways? Explain your answer with details.3. What do you think determines ones intelligence? Is it genes or is it environment?1. Do you often listen to experts when you are in doubt of something? Why or why not?1. Do you often listen to experts when you are in doubt of something

44、? Why or why not? Yes. There are several reasons:-Experts are people who have gained a lot more knowledge in a particular field；- Experts have more skills and experience in that field. No. There are several reasons:- Experts could have biased opinions toward a specific issue；- We need to think criti

45、cally about other peoples opinions.2. Are people smart in the same way or in different ways? Explain your answer with details.People are smart in different ways because there are different types of intelligence, such as:- verbal (linguistic) intelligence;- numerical intelligence.People can be smart

46、in similar ways because smart people have many common qualities. For example, they are all willing to learn and can learn quickly. They are all highly curious, and keen to solve problems.3. What do you think determines ones intelligence? Is it genes or is it environment?Genes. Many stories have prov

47、ed that if ones genes are not good enough, no matter what favorable environment he is exposed to, he will not be able to learn as quickly as those whose genes are good.Intelligence. Children who are well-nurtured, that is, those who have more life experiences, who read more, learn more and travel mo

48、re, can usually get much higher scores in intelligence tests, which, as we know, are important indications of their intelligence.Talk about cognitive biases 2. What do you think are the best ways to avoid cognitive biases? 1. Can you give an example to illustrate that you have also been affected by

49、cognitive biases when making a decision? Yes, certainly. For example, last summer, I dropped in a clothing store in Nanjing Road and found a dress with a fashionable style and really good price. I bought the dress and liked it very much. Because of this happy experience, this year I decided to go to

50、 the store again. I bought another fashionable dress and happily paid the price asked by the salesgirl. I believed I had got another good bargain. But later, to my disappointment, I found the price I had paid was actually much higher than in other stores. I made the wrong decision owing to my overco