2022年北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析 .pdf

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1、中国考博辅导首选学校北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析Section Use ofEnglishDirections:Read thefollowingtext.Choose thebestword(s)foreachnumbered blankand mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)There isgrowinginterestinEast Japan RailwayCo.,one of thesixcompanies,createdoutof the1 nationalrailwaysystem.Inanindustryla

2、ckingexcitinggrowth 2, itsplan to use real-estateassetsinand aroundtrainstations3 isdrawinginterest.In a plancalled“StationRenaissance”(英文符号 )thatit4 inNovember, JR East saidthatitwould 5 usingitscommercialspacesforshops and restaurants,extendingthem to 6 more suitablefortheinformationage. Itwants t

3、rainstationsas pick-up7 forsuch goodsas books, flowersand groceriespurchased 8 the Internet.In a country9 urbanitesdepend heavilyon trains10 commuting,about 16 millionpeoplea day go toitstrainstationsanyway,thecompany 11.So,pickingup purchasesattrainstationsspare12 extratravelandmissed home deliveri

4、es.Gengduo yuan xiaowan zheng kao bo yingyuzhen tijiqi jiexiqinglianxiquan guo mian feizixun dianhua:silinglingliuliuba liujiuqiba ,huojiazixun qq:qiqierliuqiba wu san qi.JR East alreadyhas been usingitsstation13 storesforthispurpose,but itplans to create14 spaces forthe deliveryof Internetgoods.名师资

5、料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校The company alsoplansto introduce15 cards (破折号 )knowninJapan as IC cardsbecause theyuse integrated16 forholdinginformation17 trainticketsand commuter passes 18 the magneticonesused tod

6、ay,integratingthem intoa singlepass.Thiswillsave thecompany money, because 19 forIC cardsare much lessexpensivethanmagneticsystems.Increaseduse of IC cards shouldalso20 the spaceneeded forticketvending.1.AprivatizedBindividualizedCpersonalizedDcharacterized2.AprospectsBoutlooksCexpectationsDspectacl

7、es3. A articulatelyB originallyC reluctantlyD creatively4.AunveiledBconcealedCdemonstratedDdisplayed5.Acome roundBgo beyond CtakeoverDwent out6. Aendeavours BenterprisesC functionsD performances7.AlocationsBentrancesCvicinitiesDdistricts8.Aform Babove CoverDin9.Awhen Bwhere Cwhich Dthat10.AofBinCabo

8、utDfor11.AfiguresBspeculatesCexhibitsDconvinces12.AclientsBconsumers CmerchantsDbusinesses13. AconjunctionBornament CexpenditureD convenience14.AdedicatedBdevotedCdesignatedDdestined15.AcleverBintelligentCingeniousDsmart16.AchorusBcircusCcircumferenceDcircuit名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - -

9、- - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校17.Aas BforCwithDof18.Aas wellas BinsteadofCmore thanDbutfor19.AdevicesBinstrumentsCreadersDexaminers20.AshrinkBnarrowCdescend DreduceSection Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read thefollowingfourtexts.Answer the quest

10、ionsbelow eachtextby choosingA, B, C or D Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The inclusionofallchildrenand youthispartofa generalintegrativetrendthathas acceleratedsinceWorld War II.Itrelatestosome newer developmentsas well.Concern fortheearth sendangeredenvironmenthas become central,e

11、mphasizinginbothintellectualand sociallifetheneed forcooperationratherthancompetition,the importanceof understandinginterrelationshipsofthe ecosystem,and the ideathatecologycan be used as an organizingconcept.Ina differentvein,therapiddevelopmentofmicroelectronics,particularlytheuse ofcomputersformu

12、ltiplefunctionsineducation,goes forbeyond possibilitiesofearliertechnologicaladvances.Althoughtechnologyis thoughtof by some asantagonistictohumanisticconcerns,othersargue thatitmakescommunicationand comprehensionavailableto a widerpopulationand名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

13、- 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校encourages “system thinking,” both ultimatelyintegrativeeffects.The polarizationofopinionon technology s effectsand mostotherimportantissuesisa problemineducationalpolicydetermination.Inadditiontothedifficultiesofgoverningincreasinglyla

14、rgeand diverseeducationsystems,as wellas thoseofmeetingthenever-endingdemands ofexpandingeducation,thechroniclackofconsensusmakes thesystem unabletorespondsatisfactorilyto publiccriticismand unable to plan forsubstantivelong-rangedevelopment.The politicaland administrativeresponsesso farhave been to

15、attendto short-runefficiencyby improvingmanagementtechniquesandtoadoptpolarresponsestoaccommodate polarcriticisms.Thus,community and community schoolshave been emphasized alongwithcentralcontroland standardization,and institutionalalternativeshave been opened, whilethe structureof main institutionsh

16、as becomemore articulated.For example, the focus of attentionhas been placedon the transitionstages,which earlierwere virtuallyignored:fromhome toschoolfrom primarytosecondarytoupper secondary,fromschoolto work.Tertiaryinstitutionshave been reconceivedas partofa unifiedlevel;testinghas become more s

17、ophisticatedandcredentialshave becomemore differentiatedeitherby certificateorby transcript.Alternativeteachingstrategieshave been encouraged in theory,butbasic,curriculumuniformityhas effectivelyrestrictedthe名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 45 页

18、- - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校practiceof new methods. General educationisstillmainlyabstract,and subjectmatter,thoughinternallymore dynamic,stillrestsonlanguage,mathematics,and science.There has been an increasingrelianceon theconstructionof subjectmattertoguidethe methodof teaching.Teachers are entru

19、stedwitha greatervarietyof tasks,buttheyarelesstrustedwithknowledge,leadingpoliticalauthoritiestocallforupgradingofteachertraining,teacherinservicetraining,and regularassessment of teacherperformance.Recent reformeffortshave been focusedon integratinggeneraland vocationaleducationand on encouragingl

20、ifelongor recurrenteducationto meet changing individualand socialneeds. Thus, not onlyhas the number ofstudentsand institutionsincreased,as a resultof inclusionpolicies,but the scope of educationhas alsoexpanded.Thistremendous growth,however,has raisednew questionsabout theproperfunctionsof the scho

21、oland the effectivenessforlife,work,orintellectualadvancement ofpresentprograms and means ofinstruction.21.The passage ismainlyabout.AmajordifficultiesineducationBeffectsofmodemtechnologyon educationCmajortrendsand problemsineducationDthetremendousgrowthofeducation22.From thepassage we can inferthat

22、.Atherapiddevelopmentofmodemtechnology名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校Bsome modemdevelopmentsrelatingto theinclusionpoliciesCtheinclusionpoliciesofeducationDconcernfortheearth s endangeredenvironments23.The second

23、 passage ismainlyabout.Athepolarizationofopinionon some importantissuesabouteducationalpolicyBtherapiddevelopmentofeducationCthedifficultiesinmeetingthedemands ofexpandingeducationDthepoliticaland administrativemeasures takento furtherexpand education24. The authoruses the example of transitionof st

24、age in schooltoshow.Aschoollifeisimportantforfamiliesina communityBschoolingisimportantforstudentstogo toworkCdisciplinesare emphasized incommunity schoolDalllevelsofschoolsare unified25. Accordingto thispassage,which of the followingisFALSE?AVariousteachingmethodologieshave not been widelyadoptedin

25、generaleducation.BFocusingon subjectmatterisstillan obviousfeatureofgeneraleducation.C The transitionfrom schoolto work has never been overlooked.DThe professionalqualityofthe major,ofteachershas not名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 45 页 - - - - -

26、- - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校been considerablyenhanced.Text2The evolutionofintelligenceamong earlylargemammalsofthegrasslandswas due ingreatmeasure to theinteractionbetween twoecologicallysynchronizedgroupsoftheseanimals,thehuntingcarnivoresand theherbivoresthattheyhunted.The interactionresultingfromthediffere

27、ncesbetween predatorand preyledtoageneralimprovement in brainfunctions;however,certaincomponentsofintelligencewere improvedfarmore thanothers.The kind of intelligencefavoredby the interplayof increasinglysmartercatchersand increasinglykeenerescapersisdefinedbyattentionthataspectofmind carryingconsci

28、ousnessforwardfromone moment tothenext.Itrangesfroma passivefreefloatingawareness toa highlyfocused,activefixation.therange throughthesestatesismediatedby the arousalsystem,a networkof tractsconvergingfrom sensorysystems to integratingcentersinthe brainstem.From the more relaxedto the more vigorousl

29、evelssensitivitytonoveltyisincreased.The organismismore awake more vigilant;thisincreasedvigilanceresultsintheapprehensionofevermoresubtlesignalsas theorganismbecomes more sensitivetoitssurroundings.The processesofarousaland concentrationgiveattentiontoitsdirection.Arousalisatfirstgeneralwithafloodi

30、ngof impulsesin the brainstem; then graduallythe activationischanneled.Thus beginsconcentration,the holdingofconsistent名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校images.Onemeaning of intelligenceisthe way in thighthese image

31、sand otheralertlysearchedinformationare used inthecontextofpreviousexperience.Consciousnesslinkspastattentiontothepresentand permitsthe integrationof detailswithperceivedendspurposes.The elementsofintelligenceand consciousnesscome togethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorand prey.Herbivo

32、resand carnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescapingorchasing.Althoughinbothkindsofanimalarousalstimulatesthe productionof adrenalineand nor epinephrineby theadrenalglandstheeffectinherbivoresisprimarilyfear,whereas in carnivoresthe effectisprimarilyaggression.For both,arousalattunesth

33、eanimaltowhat isahead.Perhaps itdoes notexperienceforethoughtas we know itbut the animaldoes experiencesomethinglikeit.The predatoris searchinglyaggressiveinnerdirected,used bythenervoussystem and theadrenalhormones,butaware ina senseclosertohuman consciousnessthan,say,a hungrylizardsinstinctivesnap

34、 at a passing beetle.Using past events as a framework.The largemammalpredatorisworkingouta relationshipbetweenmovement and food,sensitivetopossibilitiesincoldtrailsanddistantsoundsand yesterday s unforgottenlessons.The herbivorebray is of a differentmind. Itsmoodof wariness ratherthan searchingand i

35、tsattitudeofgeneralexpectancyinsteadofanticipatingare名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校silkthinveilsof tranquilityover an explosiveendocrinesystem.26.The authorisprimarilyconcernedwith.A disprovingthe view thatherbi

36、voresare less intelligentthancarnivoresB describinga relationshipbetween animals intelligenceandtheirecologicalrolesCestablishinga directlinkbetween earlylargemammalsandtheirmodern counterpartsDanalyzingtheecologicalbasisforthedominance ofsomecarnivoresoverothercarnivores27.Accordingtothepassage,as

37、theprocessofarousalinanorganismcontinues,allofthefollowingmay occurEXCEPT.AtheproductionofadrenalineBtheproductionofnorepinephrineCa heighteningofsensitivitytostimulateD an expansionof the range of statesmediated by the brainstem28. Accordingto the passage, improvement in brainfunctionamongearlylarg

38、emammalsresultedprimarilyfrom which of the following?AInterplayofpredatorand prey.BPersistenceoffreefloatingawareness inanimalsofthegrasslands.CGradual dominance of warm bloodedmammalsover coldbloodedreptiles.DInteractionofearlylargemammalswithlessintelligent名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - -

39、- - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校species.29.The authorreferstoa hungrylizard(lastparagraph)primarilyinorderto.Ademonstratethesimilaritybetween thehuntingmethods ofmammalsand thoseofno mammalsBbroadentheapplicationofhisargument by includinganinsectivoreas

40、an exampleCmake a distinctionbetween higherand lowerlevelsofconsciousnessDprovidean additionalillustrationofthebrutalitycharacteristicofpredators30. The author s attitudetowardthemammalsdiscussedinthepassage isbestdescribedas .AsuperiorcondescendingBlightheartedand jocularCapologeticand conciliatory

41、Drespectfuland admiringText3Greatemotionaland intellectualresourcesaredemanded inquarrels;staminahelps,as does a capacityforobsession.But no oneisborn a good quarreler,thecraftmust be learned.There are two generallyrecognizedapprenticeships.First,anduniversallypreferred,is likelyto grow up failingto

42、 understandthatquarrels,unlikearguments,are not about anything,leastof allthepursuitof truth.The apparentsubjectof a quarrelis a mere pretext;therealbusinessisthequarrelitself.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校Esse

43、ntially,adversariesina quarrelage outtoestablishorrescuetheirdignity.Hence the elementaryprinciple:anythingmaybe said.The unschooled,may spend an hour withknockingheart,siftingtheconsequencesofcallingthisoldacquaintancea lyingfraud.Those who miss theirfirstapprenticeshipmay care to enrollinthe secon

44、d,the bad marriage.Thiscan be perilousforthe neophyte;the mutual intimacyof spouses makes them at once more vulnerableandmore dangerous in attack.Once sex isinvolved,the stakesare higherallround.And thereis an unspoken rulethatthose who love,or haveloved,one anotherare granteda licenseforunlimitedbe

45、astlinesssuch as is denied to mere sworn enemies.For allthatsomeof our mosttenaciousblackbeltquarrelershave come toitlateinlifeandmasteredeverythrow.A quarrelmaylastyears.Amongbroodingtypes withtime on theirhands,likewriters,halfa lifetimeisnotuncommon. Initsmostrefinedform,a quarrelmay consistof th

46、e participantsnot talkingto each other.They willneed to schemelaboriouslyto appear in publictogethertoregistertheirsilence.Brief,violentquarrelsare alsoknown as rows.In allcases theessentialingredientremainsthesame; theoriginalcause must beforgottenas possible.From here on, dignity,pride,selfesteem,

47、honor isquarrelling,likejealousy,isan ailconsuming business,virtuallya profession.For the quarrelers veryselfhood ison名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 11 页，共 45 页 - - - - - - - - - 中国考博辅导首选学校theline.To losean argumentisa briefdisappointment,much likelos

48、inga gameoftennis;but to be crushedina quarrelratherbiteoffyourtongueand spreaditatyouropponents feet.31.Accordingtothepassage,which isfalse?A Itis a good way to establishor rescue onesdignitythroughquarrel.BQuarrelisverydifferentfromargument.CSpouses can benefitlittlefrom quarrel.DQuarrelisnotan in

49、stinctofhuman being.32. What does the expression“rainyafternoon ” (2nd paragraph)mean aboutbrothersand sisters?AHad toplayathome.BFeltdepressed.CWere quarrelling.DGot theonlychance tostaytogether.33.The authorimpliesthat.Aan excellentquarrelermust be trainedthroughtwo phrasesBinpeople s whole life,t

50、hereare two periodsfullofquarrelingCquarrelismuch likeargumentDallpeoplelikequarreling34.Whichisthedifferencebetween a quarreland an argument?AA quarrelinvolvesindividualpride.BA quarrelconcernsstrongpointsofview.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 12 页，共