2022年《牛津高中英语》模块Reading,Project课文2.docx

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1、名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -13. M3U1. Reading Fog Fog warning When Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, the radio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four oclock, Pwork and stepped out into the fog. She w

2、ondered if the buses would still be running. No buses to King Street Once out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop. How far are you going. the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.King Street, said PollySorry, Miss, replied the man, the truth is that it is too fogg

3、y for the bus to run that far. Take the Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to get a taxi.A tall man As Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived

4、at Green Park station. While the rest of the passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere to be seen. Footsteps When Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog lay like a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in s

5、ight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As she walked along the narrow street, she heard the sound of footsteps approaching, but by the time she reached the corner of the street, the footsteps were gone. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brush her cheek, and she heard a mans voice in her ear saying

6、Sorry. The man moved away. She coufeel her heart beating with fear. The helpful stranger Then she heard the sound again - soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wished for someone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemed close now. Then a mans

7、voice came out of the darkness. Is anybody there.Polly hesitated. At last she answered, Hello, I think Im lost.A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up at the face of an old man with a beard. 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 Maybe I can help you. Which road do you wan

8、t. He asked. 第 1 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I live at 86 King Street, Poly replied.Just take my hand, said the man. Come with me. Youll be all right. He took PollyWatch out for the step here.In his other hand the man carried a s

9、tick . Polly heard it hit the step. I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I cant see your face, but you sound young. How old are you.Just twenty, answered Polly.Ah, twenty. A nice age to be. I was young once. Now were at the crossroads. Turn left here. I m quite los

10、t now. Are you sure you know the way. Polly was beginning to feel frightened again. Of course. You really shouldnt feel anxious. He held her hand more firmly.The grateful helper Here we are. King Street. He stopped.Thank you so much for coming to my aid, said Polly in relief. Would you like to come

11、in and rest for a while.It s very nice of you, said the man, but Ill be off. There may be more people lost today, and I d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when its sunny. A blind person like me cant get across the roa

12、d without help, except in a fog like this.14. M3U1. Project 1 Shark attacks There are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to have attacked human beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark, mainly because they have seen the movi

13、e Jaws. However, two other sharks are also rather dangerous: the tiger shark and the bull shark. Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attack humans. There are three types of shark attacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes you for a f

14、ish, but when it tastes human flesh it decides to give up and swim away. In the second type, the shark pushes you with its nose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bites you if it thinks you are. In the third type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks you suddenly. The l

15、ast two types of attack more often result in the death of humans. To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions. 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still

16、see you but you cannot see them. Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smell blood over a long distance. Do not wear bright clothing colors and bright objects. or jewellery, because sharks are attracted to the flash of Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large num

17、bers of people. Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming more popular. If a shark attacks you, follow the advice below. Keep calm. Do not panic. Hit the shark on the nose with your fist. Stick your finger in the sharks eye. Dont be frightened by sharks: you are 30 ti

18、mes more likely to be hit by lightning than be attacked by a shark. 15. M3U1. Project 2 The wonderful world of pigeons It is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep while a guard watches for the enemy. There is a flash, and the sound of guns. They are being attacked. Hundreds of enemy soldiers

19、rush towards them. They are all going to be killed unless they get help. What should they do. An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper: Being attacked. Hurry. He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into a cage and gets a bird. Attaching the m

20、essage to its leg, he sets the bird loose. It immediately flies into the air and disappears in the dark. Will the bird arrive in time. Will they be saved. Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same bird often seen in public parksthe pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sen

21、se of direction and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeons have been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is why pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news or even the mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. Dur

22、ing both World War I and II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messages to and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helping win some important victories. How do pigeons find their way. Pigeons appear to have a compass inside them that tells them 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - -

23、 - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -which way is north. How this compass works remains a mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find ones way, they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell t

24、hem which way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and can always find their way home. 16. M3U2. Reading English and its history All through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and voc

25、abulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people. Old English Old English is very different from the English we speak nowadays .In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, peopl

26、e in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainlandthe angles and the Saxonsoccupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. Both the English language and the English people are named after the angles; the word Angle was spelt

27、Engle in old English. Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also

28、mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England. When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. Fo

29、r example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians. Middle English Middle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15thcenturies. Many things played a part in the development of thi

30、s new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons victory about 600 years earlier, which led to o

31、ld English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -English, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand,

32、 the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer from Old English and reply from Old French. It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked a

33、s servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words we use for most animals raised for food such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon. Old French made other

34、contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an s to house and shoe. Onl

35、y a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children . After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 139

36、9, Henry IV became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events. Modern English Modern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this, modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge

37、 changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying t

38、hings. 17. M3U2. Project 1 The development of Chinese characters The Chinese language differs from Western languages in that instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters. In many cases, a single

39、character can also make up a word. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these characters developed. Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing. One winter day while he was hunting, he saw

40、 the tracks of 第 5 页,共 9 页 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -animals in the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had the idea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects.

41、The first Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some characters have been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time. However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops

42、together. This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays. Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas, rest some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example, was made up

43、of the characters for a man and a tree. The character prisoner was formed with a inside a square. Other character s were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to mandistinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, the characters for up and downwhich are opposites of each other.

44、 Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they do not show how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developed to have one part of a character indicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation. Many Chinese characters used today we

45、re made this way. In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now they have widespread use in Chinas mainland.18. M3U2. Project 2 The story of Braille Usually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However,

46、 this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can still read books. The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille 1809-1852. Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for the blind in Par

47、is. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it. In 1821, a soldier visited the schoo