2022年句子成分和句子结构讲解有答案.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载第 1 页,共 10 页句子成分 一主语（ subject）: 句子说明的人或事物；1.请找出以下句子的主语并指出什么（词,短语或句子）可以充当主 语；The sun rises in the east. （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. 数词 Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It

2、 is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语,主语从句是真正主语）常见错误分析2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语时, 只能使用其 to do 或 doing 的 形式；其中不定式强调详细的某一次的动作,-ing 强调常常发生的动作；改错： 1.play computer games does no good to us. 2.Have a walk in the street is her hobby. 3.Go home at once is his decision 4.Make more fr

3、iends will do good to us. 5.I m like computer very much. 6.The story was happening the year before last. 二宾语：1动作的承担者 -动宾 请找出以下句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语；I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need. We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式）Did you write down wh

4、at he said. （宾语从句）2介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake/me/fighting. 3双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. 常见错误分析 ing 或 wh 型的连接词 1：介词后跟宾语时,必需为：名词、代词、引导的从句；改错： I am fond of play basketball. Hes crazy about read story books. I am sorry for late. I felt terribly sad for absent from cl

5、ass. 2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语或宾语时,只能使用其 to do 或 doing 的形式；其中不定式强调详细的某一次的动作,-ing 强调常常发生的 动作；改错： I enjoy make friends with everyone. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载He wanted go home at once. 三表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特点和状态,它一般位于系动词之后；英语中常见的系动词及其分类；状态系动词：用来表示主语状态：即 be ；常译为是连续系动词：用来表示主语

6、的连续或保持某种状况或态度,主要包 括 remain、keep、stay、lie 、stand 、exist 等；常译为保持,依旧是I hope you will keep fit. We can remain friends. Please stay seated 变化系动词： 用来表示主语变成什么样, 主要包括：become 、grow 、turn 、get 、fall 、 go 、come 、run 等；常译为变得He went mad. His hair turned grey. I fell ill. 结果系动词：表示主语对应的结果,主要有：prove to be ,turn out

7、 to be ；常译为结果是 seem 、 appear 、look. 感官系动词：主要有 feel 、smell 、sound 、 taste , seem 、 appear 、look；Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. Now I feel tired. 请找出以下句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语；He is a teacher. （名词）Seventy-four. You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is te

8、n.（数词）He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in. （副词）The picture is on the wall. 介词短语 My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “ I m poor, I can（不定式）t buy a ring. The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）常见错误分析：1：动词及其短语在作句子的表语时, 需用其非谓语形式, 其中 to do 表将来的主动性动作, doing 表正在进行的

9、主动性动作, 有时也用作形 容词表示主语所具有的特点；done 表示被动的已完成的动作；挑选： My hobby is basketball. A: play B: playing C: to play D: played The dog was so in that toy. A: interesting B: interested C: to interest D: interest My plan is home immediately. A: go B: to go C: gone D: going. Kity was at everything he saw. A: surprisi

10、ng B: surprise C: surprised D: to surprise I was at my grades. 第 2 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载第 3 页,共 10 页A: disappointed B: disappoint C: disappointing D: to disappoint 2：名词、代词做表语时,其数必需和主语保持一样；改错：We are student. These are panda. It s birds.3：表语常用形容词,而不用其副词形式；改错：（1）He is sadly.

11、 （2）He is friendly to everyone. （3）The food smells bad but it tastes well. 4One year later, he turned a writer. a 5As time went on, his idea was proved right. 四谓语（ predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特点；1：实义动词及其短语作谓语A stitch in time saves nine. 2：情态动词 +动词原形作谓语The law can not make all men equal ,but they are equa

12、l before the law. 3：助动词 +实义动词或系动词（多为动词原形）作谓语 Youd better go now ,or youll be late for the interview.4：系动词 +表语作谓语 常见错误分析：1：系动词 +表语（名、代、介、形、副、非谓语 ）才能构成完整的谓语；留意谓语肯定要有动词的参予来完成；改错；He at home now. I against / for the plan. I in favor of this idea. The light on / off then. He dead now. I fond of pandas. He

13、 always interested in English. The book worth reading. I eager to get your help. The girl dressed in white then. My plan to do some shopping today. I into playing table tennis. My aim to teach you well. Tom devoted to his job then. 2： 情态动词和助动词虽有实义,但不能单独做谓语,必需和实义动 词或系表结构一起构成复合谓语,特别表语是形容词、副词、介词、时显现错误最

14、多,处理方式是在表语前添加合适的系动词,多为 be的合适形式；改错：You cant late again. He may at home. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载第 4 页,共 10 页He must away now. Tom may dead now. John must from the USA. In my opinion ,he will well soon. He didn t aga inst the plan. Mao has dead for 32 years. They didn t t

15、hrough the forest.五补足语：用于补充说明其他的句子成分；有主补、和宾补两种,用于补充说明主、宾所处的状态、性质、特点等；宾补：对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语；请找出以下句子的宾补并指出什么可以充当宾补；1. He found his new job boring. 形容词作宾补 2. The called their daughter Mary. 名词作宾补 3. This placed her in a very difficult position. 介词短语作宾补 4. We went to here house but found her out. 副词作宾补 5.

16、What do you advise me to do？不定式作宾补 6. We thought him to be an honest man. tobe作宾补 7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. 不定式的完成式 作宾补 8. He believed her to be telling the truth. 不定式的进行式作宾补 9. Did you notice him come in？不带 to 的不定式作宾补 10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. 现在分词作宾补 11. He watche

17、d the piano carried upstairs. 过去分词作宾补 留意 1：在这个结构中,可以显现用 it 作形式上的宾语,把真正的 宾语放在宾语补足语的后面；在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不 定式或宾语从句；He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析：it 是形式宾语,his duty 是宾语补足语, to mention this to her 是真正的宾语；I think it best that you should stay with us. 分析：it 是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语, that you should sta

18、y with us 是真正的宾语；主补：对主语的补充；He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. to do , doing , -ed 作补语的区分；留意 2：-ing 作宾补表示正在进行的动作, 强调动作的一部分； 如宾语是动作的发出者,用其主动式,如宾语是动作的承担者用其被动 式；to do 作宾补强调动作的全过程,如宾语是动作的承担者,用其被动式；如宾语是动作的发出者,用其主动式；ed 作宾补 表示已完成的动作

19、,宾语是动作的承担者；挑选： 1He raised his voice to make himself. A ：hear B : heard C : hearing D: to hear 2I couldnt do my homework with all that noise on. A : go B going C gone D to go - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载第 5 页,共 10 页3I saw him nothing at the meeting from beginning to end. A s

20、ay B said C saying D to say 4The thief came in , with his hands. A tying B tied C tie D to tie 留意 3：有些动词后跟不定式时需省去符号 to ： watch , observe , see , look , look at , notice ; hear ,listen to , make , have , let , feel ,help 可带可不带；六定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子；请找出以下句子的定语并指出什么可以充当定语；Ai Yanling is a chemistry tea

21、cher.（名词）He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.副词 The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. 介词 The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well n

22、ow.（过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）留意 1：名词作定语时,须用其单数形式,不行用其全部格或复数形 式；在变为复数时, 只变被修饰的名词, man 或 woman 作定语时,就两者都变；a shoe shop mens teachers 留意 2：在表示只有一人担任的头衔、职务的名词在作句子的表语、同位语、补足语、介词宾语时,不加冠词：常见的名词有： president , captain , monitor , headmaster , head-teach

23、er , head , manager We elected Hu president of China. 常见错误分析：1：单个形容词作定语修饰不定代词时,需要后置2：表语形容词作定语常常后置如：awake 、afraid 、 asleep、ashamed 、alike 等；He was the only person awake at that time. 3：当 else 作形容词修饰不定代词或疑问代词如：who 、what 、which 等时要后置 I have something else to say. 4：表示长、宽、高、深等度量的形容词作定语常常后置；This is a roo

24、m five meters wide. 5：有些形容词如 present 、adopted 、concerned 、 absent 、opposite 等既可前置也可后置,但意义不同：present adj: 前置：目前的 现在的后置：出席的 What do you think of the present government . The people present are mostly famous scientists. adopted adj : 前置： 收养的 后置： 采纳的He is an adopted son. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - -

25、- - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载Whats your solution adopted .concerned adj: 前置 ：担忧的 关怀的；后置：有关的There is a concerned expression on her face. T he persons concerned are to be punished absent adj : 前置： 心不在焉的；后置：缺席的Jack sat at the desk in an absent way. The workers absent must make up for the meeting. opposite adj : 前置

26、：相反的；后置：对面的 The bird flew away in the opposite direction. he shop opposite sells apples. overseas 既是 adj 又是 adv 作定语时意义不同Overseas students =students from overseas 外国留同学 Students overseas =students who are overseas 出国留同学 responsible 前置意为 “负责任的 ”,后置意为 负责的,掌管的 “；如：a responsible man 意为“一位负责任的人 ”,a man re

27、sponsible就意为 “一位负责人 ”involved 前置意为 “复杂的 ”,后置意为 “涉及的,相关的 ”如：the people involved 意为“所涉及的人 ” ,the involved story 意为“复杂的经受 ”七状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子；状语用副词 ,不用形容词 请找出以下句子的状语并指出是什么状语；I will go there tomorrow. 时间 The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.地点 The meat went bad because of the hot weat

28、her. 缘由 He studies hard to learn English well.目的 He didn t study hard so that he failed in the exam. 结果 I like some of you very much. 程度 If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 条件 He goes to school by bike. 方式 Though he is young, he can do it well. 让步 常见错误分析：1：副词作状语时,用以修饰动词、形容词、或句子；形容词作补 足语时用来补充说

29、明主、宾所的状态、性质、特点；挑选：He found the question difficult / difficultly I think it impossible / impossibly for us to defeat them physically. He worked hard / hardly to realize his dream. All made it easy /easily for us to enter a key university. Dressed in nothing ,the emperor walked in the street proud / p

30、roudly. The question is great /greatly different from that one. This room is the same size /big as that one. 2：分词及不定式作状语时,须贺规律主语保持一样,规律主语多 为句子的主语；In order to make our city green . A: its necessary to have planted more trees. B: many more trees need to be planted. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 10 页精选学习

31、资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载s mC: our city needs more trees D: we must plant more trees. time ,he ll become a writer.A: Given B : Giving C: To give D: Having given While watching TV , A: the doorbell rang B: the doorbell rings C: we heard the doorbell ring D: we heard the doorbell rings as

32、a means of traffic in china ,the bike is very useful. A: used B: using C: To use D: use 八、同位语：指两个或两个以上的词语指同一个事物作同一个句子成 分；It s my friend ,John.（名词）Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged代词 His old dream of going round the world came back , but this time he would sail（介词 of 引出动名词作同位语）Th

33、e news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true从句 九、插入语：是对一句话,某一个词或词组做些附加的说明或说明有时表达说话者的态度和看法；有时起强调作用；有时是为了引起 对方的留意；仍可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用；也可以承上启 下,使句子连接得更紧密一些,通常用逗号与其它成分隔开,且和 其他句子成分没有语法上的联系,将它删掉后,句子结构依旧完整；To tell you the truth ,Im not interested in that matter. Judging from his clothes ,he may be

34、 an artist. 分词By the way ,how can I get to the rail station ？介词短语Do not plant ,for example ,rice year after year in the same field. This is , surely , a very good book.副词Most important of all ,we must learn the skills.形容词He can t pass the exam ,because he doesnt study hard.whatisn t so clever. 句子句子结

35、构 简洁句的五个基本句型：第 7 页,共 10 页一主谓结构（主语 不及物动词）在这一句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组；在有的句子中,不及物动词可以有状语修饰；1.The sun is rising. 2.Ill try. 留意：在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态；1.The book sells well. 2.The window wont shut. 3.The pen writes smoothly. 4.Cheese cuts easily. 翻译： 1.会议将连续两个小时；2.她昨天回家很晚；3.那天早上我们谈了许多；- -

36、- - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载第 8 页,共 10 页4.在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了庞大的变化；5 1919 年,在北京爆发了 “五.四”运动；6.这个盒子重五公斤；1The meeting will last two hours. 2 She went home very late yesterday evening. 3That morning we talked a great deal. 4Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past t

37、en years. 5The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 6This box weighs five kilos. 二主谓宾结构（主语 及物动词宾语）在此句型中,动词为及物动词 1 那位先生能流利地说三种语言；2 今日下午我想同你谈谈；3 这本书他读过多次了；4 他们胜利地完成了方案；5 你们必需在两周内看完这些书；6 Jim 仍不会自己穿衣服；7 我们大家都信任 Jack 是一个诚恳男孩；8 他不知道说什麽好；1.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently. 2.I

38、 want to talk with you this afternoon. 3.He has read this book many times. 4.They have carried out the plan successfully. 5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 6.Jim cannot dress himself. 7.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 8.He did not know what to say. （主语 系动词表语）三；主系表结构 1

39、.Iron feels cold in winter. 2. This idea sounds good. 3. He looks young. 4.The weather remains cool these days. 5.The flowers in front of the house smell nice. 翻译： 1.这个报告听起来很有意思；2.树叶已经变黄 . 3 布朗夫人看起来很健康；了；4 十五岁他就成为出名的钢琴家了；5 孩子们,请保持寂静；6.她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童；1；The report sounds interesting. 2.The leaves have

40、 turned yellow. 3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5 Children, keep quiet please. 6Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 四双宾语结构（主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载第 9 页,共 10 页主语-动词-间接宾语（人） -直接宾语（物）第一种情形

41、,间接宾语可以改为 to 引导的短语；He handed me a letter. He handed a letter to me. 其次种情形,间接宾语可以改为 for 引导的短语； She sang us a folk song. She sang a folk for us. 第三种情形,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当；Tell him Im out. Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？翻译： 1.我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个好玩的故事；3. 请你给我弄一本新的,好吗？4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？5. 他把车票给列车

42、员看；6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了； 7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车；8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船；1Shall I call you a taxi. 2Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3.Will you please get me a new copy. 4Would you please pass me the dictionary. 5He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6This term I have written three l

43、etters to my parents. 7My father has bought me a new bike. 8Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 五动词 +宾语+宾补（ n./adj./adv./-ing/-ed/to do）Examples: 在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词；后面的宾语补足 语是说明宾语的情形的,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语；1. We wished the pop singer to succeed. 2.We made the young man our manager. 3.The news made h

44、er happy. 4. Her father made her learn drawing after school. 5. When I came in, I found him writing a letter. 6. My bike is broken, I ll have it repaired tomorrow. 翻译： 1.他的父母给他取名为 John. 2.我们大家都认为他是诚恳的；3.我们要使学校变得更漂亮；4.他请我们参与做嬉戏；5.明天我要找人来修理机器；6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语；7.他每个月理一次发；8.那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 9.他感到很难跟你交谈；10.我想乘船去那里更舒适些；11.学校定了一条规章,开头上课时同学要起立；- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 学习好资料欢迎下载第 10 页,共 10 页12.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的；1.His parents named him John. 2.All of us considered him honest. 3.We will make our school more beautiful. 4.He asked us to join in the game. 5.Tomorrow I ll have some