2022年2022年管理信息系统简答 3.pdf

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1、1 1. Explain why information systems are so important today for business and management. Information systems are a foundation for conducting business today. In many industries, survival and even existence without extensive use of IT is inconceivable and IT plays a cri tical role in increasing produc

2、tivity. Although inform ation technology has becom e more of a commodity, when coupled with com plem entary changes in organization and managem ent, it can provide the foundation for new products, services, and ways of conducting business that provide firm s with a strategi c advantage. Inform ation

3、 technology has become the largest component of capital investment for firms in the United States and many industrialized societies. 2.Evaluate the role played by the major types of systems in a business and their relationship to each other.There are four major types of information systems in contem

4、porary organizations. Operational-level systems are transaction processing systems (TPS), such as payroll or order processing, that track the flow of the daily routine transactions that are necessary to conduct business. Management-level systems (MIS and DSS) provide the management control level wit

5、h reports and access to the organization s current performance and historical records. Most management information systems (MIS) reports condense information from TPS and are not highly analytical. Decision-support systems (DSS) support management decisions when these decisions are unique, rapidly c

6、hanging, and not specified easily in advance. They have more advanced analytical models and data analysis capabilities than MIS and often draw on information from external as well as internal sources. Executive support systems (ESS) support the strategic level by providing data of greatest importanc

7、e to senior management decision makers, often in the form of graphs and charts delivered via portals. They have limited analytical capabilities but can draw on sophisticated graphics software and many sources of internal and external information. The various types of systems in the organization exch

8、ange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. ESS primarily receive data from lower-level systems. T oday s business environment calls for more integration among systems than in the past, but such integration is not easy to achieve. 3. Analyze

9、how information systems support various business strategies for competitive advantage.Businesses can use strategic information systems to gain an edge over competitors. Such systems change organizations goals, business processes, products, services, or environmental relationships, driving them into

10、new forms of behavior. Information systems can be used to support strategy at the business, firm, and industry levels. At the business level of strategy, information systems can be used to help firms become the low -cost producers, differentiate products and services, or serve new markets. Informati

11、on systems can also be used to lock in customers and suppliers using efficient customer response and supply chain management applications. Value chain analysis is useful at the business level to highlight specific activities in the business where information 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - -

12、- - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 2 systems are most likely to have a strategic impact. At the firm level, information systems can be used to achieve new efficiencies or to enhance services by tying together the operations of disparate business units so that they can

13、 function as a whole or promote the sharing of knowledge across business units. At the industry level, systems can promote competitive advantage by facilitating cooperation with other firms in the industry, creating consortiums or communities for sharing information, exchanging transactions, or coor

14、dinating activities. The competitive forces model, information partnerships, business ecosystems, and network economics are useful concepts for identifying strategic opportunities for systems at the industry level. 4.Evaluate the role of Internet technology in facilitating management and coordinatio

15、n of internal and inter-organizational business processes.Private, internal corporate networks called intranets can be created using Internet connectivity standards. Extranets are private intranets that are extended to selected organizations or individuals outside the firm. Intranets and extranets a

16、re forming the underpinnings of electronic business by providing a low -cost technology that can run on almost any computing platform. Organizations can use intranets to create collaboration environments for coordinating work and information sharing, and to make information flow between different fu

17、nctional areas of the firm. Intranets also provide a low-cost alternative for improving coordination of cross-functional business processes within the organization. Extranets help coordinate business processes shared with customers, suppliers, and other external organizations. Collaborative commerce

18、 builds on extranets to enable multiple organizations to collaboratively design, develop, build, move, and manage products through their life cycles. A firm engaged in collaborative commerce with its suppliers and customers can achieve new efficiencies by reducing product design cycles, minimizing e

19、xcess inventory, forecasting demand, and keeping partners and customers informed. 5. Describe the major standards for wireless networks and for wireless Internet access.The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has established a hierarchy of complementary standards for wireless co

20、mputer networks. These include Bluetooth (802.15)for small personal area networks (PANs), Wi-Fi (802.11) for local area networks (LANs), and WiMax (802.16) for metropolitan area networks (MANs). Bluetooth can link up to eight devices within a 10 meter area using low-power , radio-based communication

21、 and can transmit up to 722 Kbps in the 2.4-GHz band. Wireless phones, keyboards, computers, printers, and PDAs using Bluetooth can communicate with each other and even operate each other without direct user intervention. The most popular of the 802.11 standards is currently 802.11b, which can trans

22、mit up to 11 Mbps in the unlicensed 2.4-GHz band and has an effective distance of 30 to 50 meters, although this range can be extended outdoors by using tower-mounted 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 3 antennas. The 802.11b s

23、tandard has been the most widely used standard for creating wireless LANs and providing broadband wireless Internet access. However, 802.11b is vulnerable to penetration by outsiders and interference from other wireless devices in the same frequency spectrum. WiMax has a wireless access range of up

24、to 31 miles and a data transfer rate of up to 75 Mbps, making it suitable for providing broadband Internet access in areas lacking DSL and cable lines. The 802.16 specification also has robust security and quality of service features to support voice and video. Major cellular carriers are also upgra

25、ding their networks to provide wireless broadband access to the Internet at an average speed of 300 to 500 Kbps. Verizon s service, called BroadBand Access, uses a technology called EV-DO to provide Internet access over a cellular network. 6.Assess how supply chain management systems provide value f

26、or businesses and explain how they work.Supply chain management systems automate the flow of information between members of the supply chain so they can use it to make better decisions about when and how much to purchase, produce, or ship. More accurate information from supply chain management syste

27、ms reduces uncertainty and the impact of the bullwhip effect. The correct movement of information makes it possible to time orders, shipments, and production properly to minimize inventory levels and expedite deliveries to customers. Supply chain management software includes software for supply chai

28、n planning and for supply chain execution. Supply chain planning systems enable the firm to generate demand forecasts for a product and to develop sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution plans. Supply chain execution systems manage the flow of products through the final stages of production, distr

29、ibution, and delivery. Supply chain management systems provide data such as fill rates, inventory turns, or source/make cycle time for evaluating the performance of supply chain processes. Firms can use intranets to improve coordination among their internal supply chain processes, and they can use e

30、xtranets to coordinate supply chain processes shared with their business partners. Internet technology facilitates the management of global supply chains by providing the connectivity for organizations in different countries to share supply chain information. Improved communication among supply chai

31、n members also facilitates efficient customer response and movement toward a demanddriven model.7.Assess how customer relationship management systems provide value for businesses and describe how they work.Customer relationship management (CRM) systems integrate and automate many customer-facing pro

32、cesses in sales, marketing, and customer service, providing an enterprise-wide view of customers. These systems track all of the ways in which a company interacts with its customers and analyze these interactions to maximize customer lifetime 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

33、名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 4 value for the firm. CRM systems capture and integrate customer data from all over the organization, analyzing the data and distributing the results to customer-related systems and customer touch points across the enterprise. Companies can use this

34、 customer knowledge when they interact with customers to provide them with better service or to sell new products and services. These systems can also identify profitable or nonprofitable customers or opportunities to reduce the churn rate. The major customer relationship management software package

35、s integrate customer-related processes in sales, marketing, and customer service and provide capabilities for both operational CRM and analytical CRM. They often include modules for managing relationships with selling partners (partner relationship management) and for employee relationship managemen

36、t. If properly implemented, CRM systems help firms increase customer satisfaction,reduce direct marketing costs, and lower costs for customer acquisition and retention. Information from CRM systems can increase sales revenue by identifying the most profitable customers and segments for focused marke

37、ting, cross -selling, and up-selling. Customer churn can be reduced as sales, service, and marketing better respond to customer needs.8.Define and describe the major types of knowledge work systems and assess how they provide value for firms.Knowledge work systems (KWS) support the creation of new k

38、nowledge and its integration into the organization. KWS require easy access to an external knowledge base; powerful computer hardware that can support software with intensive graphics, analysis, document management, and communications capabilities; and a user-friendly interface. These capabilities c

39、an increase the productivity of highly paid knowledge workers. KWSs often run on workstations that are customized for the work they must perform. Computeraided design (CAD) systems and virtual reality systems, which create interactive simulations that behave like the real world, require graphics and

40、 powerful modeling capabilities. KWS for financial professionals provide access to external databases and the ability to analyze massive amounts of financial data very quickly.9.Define IT infrastructure and describe the components and levels of IT infrastructure.IT infrastructure is the shared techn

41、ology resources that provide the platform for the firm s specific information system applications. IT infrastructure includes hardware, software, and services that are shared across the entire firm. Major IT infrastructure components include computer hardware platforms, operating system platforms, e

42、nterprise software platforms, networking and telecommunications platforms, database management software, Internet platforms, and consulting services and systems integrators. There are three different levels of IT infrastructure: public, enterprise, and business unit. You can better understand the bu

43、siness value of IT infrastructure investments by viewing IT infrastructure as a platform of services as well as a set of technologies.10. Identify the main moral dimensions of an information society and specific 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 5

44、页 - - - - - - - - - 5 principles for conduct that can be used to guide ethical decisions.The moral dim ensions of inform ation system s center around inform ation rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, accountability and control, system quality, and quality of life. Six ethical pri

45、nciples are available to judge conduct. These principles are derived independently from several cul tural, religious, and intellectual tradi tions and include the Golden Rule, Imm anuel Kant s Categorical Imperative, Descartes rule of change, the Utilitarian Principle, the Risk Aversion Principle, a

46、nd the ethical “ no free lunch ” rule. These principles should be used in conjunction with an ethical analysis to guide decision making. The ethical analysis involves identifying the facts, values, stakeholders, options, and consequences of actions. Once com pleted, you can considerwhich ethical principle to apply to a situation to arrive at a judgment.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - -