2022年定语从句的相关基础知识英语基础知识之一.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思1. 什么是定语从句定语从句 Attributive Clauses在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词 , 词组或代词即先行词；定语从句通常显现在先行词之后,由关系词 关系代词或关系副词 引出；关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等；关系副词有： when, where, why 等； 2. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、 宾语、定语等成分； 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词

2、保持一样；1who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you. 他就是你想见的人吗 .who/that 在从句中作主语 He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人；whom/that 在从句中作宾语 2 Whose 用来指人或物, 只用作定语 , 如指物,它仍可以同of which互换, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

3、那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙；Please pass me the book whose of which cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书；3which, that 如：它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、 宾语等, 例A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村显现了前所未有的富强；which / that在句中作宾语 The package which / that you are carrying is about to co

4、me unwrapped. 名师归纳总结 你拿的包快散了； which / that在句中作宾语 第 1 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思定语从句定语从句（ Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词 , 词组或代词即先行词；定语从句通常显现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出；关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等；关系副词有： when, where, why 等；一、 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词

5、所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、 宾语、定语等成分； 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一样； 1 ）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you. 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人； （whom/that 在从句中作宾语） 2 Whose 用来指人或物, 只用作定语 , 如指物,它仍可

6、以同 of which 互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙； Please pass me the book whose of which cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书； 3 ）which, that 如：它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、 宾语等, 例A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the 名师归纳总结 countrysi

7、de. 农村显现了前所未有的富强； （which / that在句中作宾语）第 2 页,共 19 页 The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了； which / that在句中作宾语 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思二、 关系代词 that, which 的用法 A. 以下情形多用 that. 1 假如先行词是 all, much, anything, something, nothing, ever

8、ything, 等不定代词,关系代词一般只用 that ,不用 which；例如：little, none All the people that are present burst into tears. Is there anything that I can do for you. 2 假如先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, the best 等词修饰,关系代词常用 that 指人时,可以用 who, 例如：This is the very book that I want to find. That is the best film

9、 that we have seen. I was the only person in my office that/who was invited. 3 当先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much 所修饰时；You can take any seat that is free. 4 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时；It is the first foreign book that I have ever seen. This is the most beautiful flower that I have seen. 5 在 ther

10、e be 句型中,常用 that. There is a man that lives in that village. 6 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应当用 that ；例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. B. 以下情形用 which. 1 当关系词前面有介词时,指物常用which. The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bike. He built a telescope through which he could stu

11、dy the skies. 2 非限制性定语从句指物时,多用which. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light. He wrote an article, which tells us about the computer. 3 假如先行词本身是that 时,只用 which. This is that which he bought yesterday. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思4 which 仍有一种特别用法,它可以引导从句

12、修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念；在这种从句中,which 可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情形下意思是与and this 相像,例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 三、 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语； 1 ）when, where, why 关系副词 when, where, why的含义相当于 介词+ which 结构,因此经常和 介词 + which 结构交替使用,例如： There are occa

13、sions when on which one must yield. 任何人都有不得 不屈服的时候； Beijing is the place where in which I was born. 北京是我的诞生地； Is this the reason why for which he refused our offer. 这就是他拒绝我们帮忙他的理由吗？ 2 ）that 代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词 + which 引导的定语从句,在口语中that 常被省略,例如： His father died the ye

14、ar that / when / in which he was born. 他父亲在他诞生那年逝世了； He is unlikely to find the place that / where / in which he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方；I don t like the way that/ in which he was treated. This is the reason he was absent. 四、判定关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词,仍是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词；及物动 词后面无宾语, 就必需

15、要求用关系代词； 而不及物动词就要求用关系副词； 例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 名师归纳总结 判定改错（注：先显示题,再显示答案,横线；用不同的颜色表示出；）第 4 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思（错） This is the mountain village where I visited

16、last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village which I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起；此两题错在关系词的误用上；方法二： 精确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分 正确挑选出关系代词 / 关系副词； 主、谓、宾、定、

17、状 ,也能例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例 1 D,例 2 A 例 1 变为确定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为确定句： This is the museum _ the exhibit

18、ion was held. 在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用,只有 the one 既做了主句的表语, 又可做从句的宾语, 可以省略关系代词,所以应选 D；而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语；而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选A；关系词的挑选依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 who, whom, that, which, whose； 先行词在从句中做状语时,应挑选

19、关系副词 where 地点状语, when 时间状语, why 缘由状语 ；五、限制性和非限制性定语从句 1 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种；限制性定语从句是先行词不行缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思这是我们上个月买的那幢房子； （限制性）The ho

20、use, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很美丽,是我们上个月买的； （非限制性） 2 当先行词是专出名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,是非限制性的,例如：其后的定语从句通常Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 .史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师；My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个美丽的花园；This novel, which I

21、have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍； 3 非限制性定语从句仍能将整个主句作为先行词 谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如：, 对其进行修饰 , 这时从句He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他好像没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦；Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发；说明：关系代词 that 和关系副词 why不能引导非限

22、制性定语从句；六、介词 +关系词1 “ 介词关系代词“ 可以引导限制性定语从句,句；也可以引导非限制性定语从“ 介词关系代词“ 结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用 whom或 which, 不行用 that ； This is the house in which I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club. 2 from where 为“ 介词关系副词“ 结构,但也可以引导定语从句

23、；例 如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. 名师归纳总结 3 像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of第 6 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开；例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. （4） 某些在从句中充当时

24、间,地点或缘由状语的 系副词 when 和 where 互换； 介词 +关系词 结构可以同关 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club. Do you remember the day when you joined our club. （2）Some, any, none 等或数词 +of+which/whom 引导的定语从句；例如 I

25、have four books, two of which are interesting. It s a family of three children, all of whom I have ever taught.七、 as, which 非限定性定语从句关系代词 as 也可引导非限制性定语从句,其从句的谓语常是表示感知的动词,如： know, see, hear, expect等；从句可放在主句之前、之中、或之后；As可以指主句中的某个成分,也可以指整个主句,或表语；例如：1） Tom, as you know, is a writer. as 在从句中可以作主语、宾语2） As w

26、e have seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth. 3）Tom doesnt find his homework, as often happens.4） Charlie looks strong, as in fact he is. 由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句, as 和 which 可代整个主句,相当于 and this 或 and that ；As 一般放在句首, which 在句中； As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the

27、 earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1 ）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 名师归纳总结 答案 C. 此为非限定性从句, 不能用 that修饰,而用 which,it 和 he 都使第 7 页,共 19 页后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接；况且选he 句意不通；- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思 2

28、）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案 B；which 可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而 what 不行；That 不 能用于非限定性定语从句,it 不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通； 3 ）It rained hard yesterday, A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案 B. _ prevented me from going to the park. a

29、s 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语；但不同之处主要有两点： 1 ） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which 不行； 2 ） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必需是系动词；如为行为动词,就从句中的关系代词只能用 which；在此题中, prevent 由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为 B；As 的用法 例 1. the same as ；such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构 , 和 一样 ； I have got into the same trouble as he has

30、. 正如 ；例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As 是关系代词；例 1 中的 as 作 know的宾语；例 2 中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词 know要用被动式；八、定语从句与名词性从句的互换定语从句和名词性从句由于表达意思的需要,种情形：（）定语从句与表语从句的互换有时可以相互转换； 大致有下面三名师归纳总结 Thats the thing that were worrying about.（定

31、语从句）第 8 页,共 19 页Thats what were worrying about.（表语从句）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思那就是我们正在担忧的事；This is the way she did it.（定语从句）This is how she did it.（表语从句）这就是她做这件事的方法；This is the reason why we must go now.（定语从句）This is why we must go now.（表语从句）这就是我们现在该走的理由；That is the pl

32、ace where Xiao Lin was born.（定语从句）That is where Xiao Lin was born. 表语从句 那就是小林诞生的地方；（）定语从句与宾语从句的互换I dont know the reason why she is so happy.（定语从句）I dont know why she is so happy.（宾语从句）我不知道她为什么这样兴奋；He showed me the place where he used to live.（定语从句）He showed me where he used to live.（宾语从句）他带我看了他曾经住过的

33、地方；Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated.（定语从句）Do you know when Wuhan was liberated. 宾语从句 你知道武汉是什么时候解放的吗？（）定语从句与主语从句的互换The thing that we need is more time.（定语从句）What we need is more time.（主语从句）我们所需要的是更多的时间；The time when they will start out has not been decided yet.（定语从句）When they will start

34、out has not been decided yet.（主语从句）他们什么时候动身仍没有打算下来；名师归纳总结 The reason why he did it wasnt quite clear.（定语从句）第 9 页,共 19 页Why he did it wasnt quite clear.（主语从句）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思他为什么做那件事仍不很清晰；The place where she lives is not known yet.（定语从句）Where she lives is not

35、known yet.（主语从句）她住在什么地方,大家仍不知道；九、学习定语从句应留意的几个问题（）定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一样性 定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一样；例如： The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School. 但留意以下一组句子： He is the only one of the students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now. 假如one

36、of +复数名词 后跟有定语从句,一般情形下one of 后的复数名词为先行词, 但当 one 前有 the only,the very,just the 修饰时,先行词就为 one；（）定语从句与强调结构 It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before. 第一个句子为定语从句, where 指代 the place, 在定语从句中作状语,其次个句子为强调结构,强调in the place,that没有意义,把 in the place 放回后面句子,句子意思完整； Where

37、 is it that he found the lost watch. 强调句型, 强调疑问副词 where ； Where is the watch that he found yesterday.（）定语从句与并列结构定语从句,that 指代 the watch He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him. He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him. Ive got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai. 第一个句子为定语从句,关系代词

38、whom指代 two sons, 在定语从句中作介词of 的宾语；其次个句子为并列结构,由并列连词 and 连接,人称代词 them 指代two sons；第三个为两个独立的句子,两个句子中间用句号,两句开头的处一个名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思字母都大写；（）定语从句与状语从句 He found the books where he had put. He found the books in the place where he had put. 第一个句子为状语从句

39、, where he had put 作主句 He found the books 的地点状语；其次个句子为定语从句,where 引导从句修饰 the place ； This is such an interesting book that Id like to read it. This is such an interesting book as Id like to read. 第一个句子为结果状语从句,在结果状语从句中,it指代 book, 作 read 的宾语；其次个句子为定语从句,关系代词 的宾语；（）定语从句中的先行词as 指代先行词 book 的定语从句中 read Is t

40、his book the one that you bought yesterday. Is this the book that you bought yesterday. 第一个句子中, this book是主句的主语, the one 是先行词；在其次个句子中 this 是主句的主语, the book 是先行词；肯定要防止显现： Is this book that you bought yesterday. （）定语从句与同位语从句定语从句相当于形容词, 它对先行词起修饰、 描述或限制作用, 而同位语从句就相当于名词, 它对其前面的词赐予说明或作进一步说明,详细内容；例如： The n

41、ews that we heard is not true. 定语从句 即说明该词所表示的 The news that he won the prize is not true. 同位语从句 另：在 have no idea+ 从句 结构中,其从句都作 idea 的同位语；例如： I have no idea when she will be back. 十、把握定语从句中的时空概念在定语从句的运用中, 当其先行词表示时间或空间概念时,有些同学很简洁想当然地用关系副词 when或 where 引导,而没有详细情形详细处理；所以,应注意以下几点；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11

42、页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思（）从规律意义上讲,只有从句中的谓语动词与该先行词构成动状（时间、地点）关系时,才能用when或 where 引导从句；或视不怜悯形以prep.+which 代之；例如：1、 This is the country where/in which Edison was born；（动状关系）2、 Ill never forget the year when/in which the terrible earthquake happened. 动状关系 3、 England was one of

43、 the places from which the settlers moved to America. 动状关系 （）从规律意义上看, 当从句中的谓语动词与该类先行词有主谓关系或动宾关系时,就以 which/that或 prep.+which 引导从句；4、 Please follow the custom of the country which/that you are going to visit.动宾关系 remember the year that/which brought me happy memory.主5、 For ever Ill 谓关系 6、 He is going

44、to work in Tibet which/that is far away from Hebei Province. 主谓关系 （）从规律意义上讲, 当从句中作主语的名词与先行词存在所属关系时,就用 词 whose；所属关系 7、 Mr.Gallant is going to the country whose name is Sweden. 8、 Generally,we refer to 指的是 the time whose speed is unchanged. 所 属关系 十一、浅述主动式定语从句的简化 英语表达方式是相当敏捷的,为了表达言简意赅,使表达简洁明快,常用一定的语法手段把句子加以简化, 定语从句被简化成简洁句就是常见的一种；下面简洁谈谈主动式定语从句简化的几种情形；（）定语