2022年句子成分及句子结构.docx
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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 句子结构及成分1. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时,这个动词是及物动词;实义动词后面不跟宾语时,此时这个动词是不及物动词;The door opened. He opened the door. The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 指出以下句中斜体动词是及物动词仍是不及物动词,及物动词填vt.,不及物填vi.;考点 1.Most birds can fly.()()考点 2.The children are flying kites in the park. 考
2、点 3.It happened yesterday.()考点 4.My watch stopped.()考点 5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. 考点 6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. ()考点 7.Shall I begin at once.()考点 8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.(考点 9.When did they leave Beijing.()考点 10. They left last week
3、. ()2. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是依据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的;实义动词也叫行为动 词;实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词;如:He lives quite near. live 住”,有明确的意义,单独作谓语,为实义动词; I like reading. (like 喜爱 ”,意思明确,单独作谓语,为实义动词;)I bought a pen yesterday. (bought “买 ”,意义明确,单独作谓语,为实义动词;)助动词助动词的 “助 ”是“帮忙 ” 之意;因此,助动词是指那些用来帮忙构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮
4、忙强调的词;这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完 全,不能单独作谓语;帮忙构成时态的:The boy is crying.He has arrived. I have been painting all day. Does he like English. 1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He doesnt have lunch at home. Trees are planted in spring. The house has been pulled down. If he had come yesterday
5、, I wouldnhave made such a mistake. So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday. 帮忙构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. 他昨天的确来过;did 起强调作用,没有详细意义,是助动词; 因此可以看出,常见的助动词为do, be, have,它们为基本助动词;一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词,详细是哪一种,主要看它们在句中的功能;He did his homework at seven oclock.Did he do his h
6、omework yesterday. He has had breakfast. 指出以下斜体单词是实义动词仍是助动词;i. Does he like swimming. ii. He does like swimming. iii. Where does he live . iv. He does some washing after work. v. He has had supper already. vi. The bridge has been built now. vii. I have been waiting for you all day. viii. He was stru
7、ck by a stone. 情态动词情态动词同助动词一样,不能单独作谓语,要和实义动词一起作谓语;因此,情态动词也称为情态助动词;情态动词同基本助动词的区分在于,基本助动词本身无意义,而情态动词有自己的意义;如:He can swim across the river. You must stay at home. I might leave tomorrow. 3. 谓语和非谓语在英语中,一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语,再显现动词时,要变成非谓语形式,即:在前面加 to 构成动词不定式,或在后面加-ing 构成动名词或现在分词,或在后面加 -ed 构成过去分词;也就是说,非谓语是指:动词不定
8、式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词;先找出句中的谓语,然后改正句中的错误,并说明缘由;考点 1. Get up early is good for our health. 考点 2. I want go home now. 2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 考点 3. My favorite sport is play football. 考点 4. There is a bird sings in the tree. The boy sits over there likes singing. 考点 5. The
9、 house was built last year has been sold out. The girls are singing over there are my classmates. 考点 6. My parents wanted him work hard. 考点 7. I remember saw him that day. 8. I saw him walked into the building. 4. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题:1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale. A. Tasted B. B
10、eing tasted C. Tasting D. Having tasted 2. The food _ delicious sells well. A. smells B. smelled C. smelling D. is smelling 主动关系 :从规律关系上看,相当于主动语态;如:The boy crying over there is Tom. 在那边哭的那个男孩 从规律上讲, the boy cry, 男孩哭,相当于主动语态,是主动关系;被动关系 :从规律关系上看,相当于被动语态;如:The house built last year is the strongest. 去年
11、建的那座房子 从规律上讲, the house was built, 房子被建,相当于被动语态,是被动关系;5. 规律上的主谓关系在判定是否是宾语补足语时,一般说,“ 宾语和宾语补足语构成规律上的主谓关系” ;He asked me to lend him some money .他让我借给他一些钱;判定以下句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语;是的填 T,不是的填 F 写作专练 1. I want him to come at once. 写作专练 2. He lent me some money. 写作专练 3. He made the boy cry again. 写作专练 4. The tea
12、cher found him cheating in the exam. 写作专练 5. Dont leave the door open at night. 6. 复合结构He invited us to come to the party. It s important f or us to learn English well. It s very kind of you to help me. Toms coming late made our teacher angry3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
13、 7. 没有人称和数的变化先看以下三组句中 have、do 和 be 的变化形式I have a book He has a book. They have a book. I enjoy watching TV. You enjoy watching TV. We enjoy watching TV. He is sleeping. I am sleeping. They are sleeping. “人称的变化 ”是指:谓语动词用什么形式,受前面主语是第几人称的影响;主语同为单数(表示一个人) , be 在第一人称I 后用 am, 在 you 后用 are, 在 he 后用 is; do
14、和 have在一、二人称后用原形,在第三人称后用为 does, has;“ 数” 是指“ 单数和复数”;“ 数的变化” 是指谓语动词用什么形式,仍受前面主语是单数仍是复数的影响;假如主语是复数,be 要用 are 的形式, do 和 have 用原形;假如主 语是第三人称单数,be 用 is, do 和 have 要用 does 和 has;情态动词没有人称和数的变化;如:He / I / We can swim. 句子成分主语是一个句子所表达的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当;可以作主语的词性或语法结构:1.名词2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词 (如 the rich )5.
15、不定式6.动名词7.主语从句等表示;在下面句子的主语下面画横线,并说出由什么充当; During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the
16、 poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true改正以下句中的错误,并说明缘由;4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late fo
17、r school was that his mother was ill. Beyond the mountains lie a small village. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. Play basketball is my favorite sport. Give up English is not an option.1. 谓语谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做的动作或具有的特点和状态;谓语的构成如下:简洁谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成;如:He practices running every morning.
18、He reads newspapers every day. 复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成;如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. 由系动词加表语构成;系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语;如:We are students. Your idea sounds great . 2.
19、表语表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特点和状态,它一般位于系动词(如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等)之后;表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示;画出以下句中的表语,并说明由什么充当;a Our teacher of English is an American. b Is it yours. c The weather has turned cold. d The speech is exciting. e Three times seven is twenty one. f His j
20、ob is to teach English. g His hobby(爱好) is playing football. h The machine must be under repairs. i The truth is that he has never been abroad. 5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承担者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面;宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构;画出以下句中的宾语 , 并说明由什么充当;They p
21、lanted many trees yesterday. How many dictionaries do you have. I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think (that )he is fit for his office. 4. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,仍要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的 意义完整;宾语补足语和宾语构成规律上的主谓关系;换
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