最新压裂酸化幻灯片.ppt

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1、压裂酸化压裂酸化Presentation Agenda演示程序演示程序Carbonate Acidizing碳酸盐酸化处理碳酸盐酸化处理- What is Carbonate 20/20什么是碳酸盐什么是碳酸盐20/20- Carbonate 20/20 Acid System and Description 碳酸盐碳酸盐20/20酸体系及其描述酸体系及其描述 *Carbonate Completion Acid 碳酸盐岩完井酸化体系碳酸盐岩完井酸化体系* Carbonate Stimulation Acid 碳酸盐岩增产酸化体系碳酸盐岩增产酸化体系* Fines Recovery Acid

2、碎屑回收酸化体系碎屑回收酸化体系 * Carbonate Emulsion Acid 碳酸盐乳化酸体系碳酸盐乳化酸体系* Zonal Coverage Acid 层间均匀覆盖酸* Hot Rock Acid 火山岩酸化体系火山岩酸化体系Candidate Selection 备选压裂酸化方式备选压裂酸化方式-Matrix Acidizing 复合酸化复合酸化-Acid Frac 酸化压裂酸化压裂Matrix Acidizing 基质酸化处理基质酸化处理Acid Fracture Stimulation酸压增产酸压增产Questions问题问题HCl at 210 F盐酸在210DegF下Car

3、bonate Stimulation Acid碳酸盐岩完井酸化体系HCl at 160 F 盐酸在160DegF下Carbonate Stimulation Acid碳酸盐岩完井酸化体系Fines Recovery Acid碎屑回收酸化体系erosive / scouring effect腐蚀性/洗涤效应easy fluid recovery容易回收little or no swabbing少量或无抽吸good fluid-loss control好的流体漏失控制性能low-permeability formations低渗地层good fines removal好的碎屑回收性能Fines R

4、ecovery Acid碎屑回收酸化体系Fines Recovery Acid碎屑回收酸化体系Carbonate Emulsion Acid碳酸盐岩乳化酸化体系slow acid reaction for deep penetration of live acid减慢活性酸深穿透的酸化反应速度improved acid etching on formations producing heavy crude改善重油地层的酸蚀效果can be mixed on the fly稳定安全formulated so emulsion breaks when the acid spends酸尽即乳破Pla

5、in Acid Comparison清晰的酸化情况对比Carbonate Emulsion Acid碳酸盐乳化酸体系Zonal Coverage Acid层间覆盖酸化体系viscous acid with controlled crosslinker for effective diversion具有胶联控制作用的粘性酸可有效导向slow reacting acid减缓酸化速度2% SGA-II onlyall ZCA additivesCastings from Hollow Core Tests来自空芯测试的铸件140 F, 5% HCl, 10 mL/minHot Rock Acid火山

6、岩酸化体系non-HCl acid system 无盐酸酸化体系effective stimulation above 300F 在300F以上增产有效reduced corrosion rates 降低腐蚀速率extended reaction times延长反应时间built-in iron control 可控金属腐蚀excellent fluid-loss control优秀的流体漏失控制性能Plain HCl at 300 F HCL在300 F下作用Hot Rock Acid at 300 F火山岩酸化体系在300 F下Selecting an Acid System酸化体系的选择

7、bottomhole temperature井底温度corrosion concerns腐蚀情况reactivity of formation地层反应情况compatibility with formation rock与地层岩石的配伍性compatibility with reservoir fluids与油藏流体的配伍性viscosify for better zonal coverage稠化以改善覆盖范围Carbonate 20/20Candidate Selection应用碳酸盐20/20酸化体系进行压裂酸化的备选方式Why stimulatethe well ?ImproveProd

8、uctionOtherissuesWhat causedthe problem ?Drill mudinvasionCement lossesPerforationdamageFormation collapseBadstimulationfluidsIncompatiblecompletionfluidLow split linepermeabilityWell Evaluation井的评价Collect dataEvaluate data to determine causefor damageEvaluate completiondesignRun RESULTS toevaluate

9、wellEvaluate reservoirpotentialWell Data井的数据Does data suggest stimulationwill improve PI?Matrix acidcandidate?Frac acidcandidate?K10mdoil wellK1mdgas wellK10mdoil wellNo C 20/20K80% Solubility溶解性Hardness硬度Closure Stress闭合压力Temperature温度Heterogeneity非均质性Crystal Size Distribution结晶粒度及分布Perm. and Poros

10、ity Distribution孔隙分布Fines Generation碎屑产生Primary Reason for 80% solubility guideline主要为了大于溶解性May stop the acid reaction可以阻止酸反应May reduce conductivity降低电导率Amount of Fines Generated碎屑生成量using 1000 gal. of HCl vs. rock solubility 1000加仑盐酸VS.岩石溶解Production Increase增产Basic Concept 基本概念Tinsly Curves Tinsly

11、曲线Fracture Acidizing压裂酸化Purpose目的: Stimulation增产Carbonate Rocks Only只有碳酸盐岩的情况High Solubility & Some Heterogeneity高溶解性&不同成分Low Permeability低渗透性Geometry几何形态More Conductivity更好的传导性率Shorter Lengths长度短Differential Etching酸蚀差别The Three Fundamentals三个基本原则proper reactivity control适合的反应速率控制choice of acid vis

12、cosifier酸性增粘剂的选择fluid loss control液体漏失控制viscous acid粘性酸large solids大的固体conductivity generation传导性产生SUPRA placement technique前置酸技术Three Fundamental Considerations三个基本考虑因素Reactivity Control反应速率控制反应速率控制Fluid Loss Control漏失控制Conductivity Generation传导性产生Reactivity反应速率Surface Reaction Control地面反应控制Transfe

13、r ControlMass运移控制Reactivity Theory反应速率理论The reaction rate of HCl on carbonate can be described as follows:HCl 在碳酸盐中的反应速率表示如下：Flux = k (Cs)nwhere:流量流量Flux =反应率反应率 g-moles/cm2/sec reaction rate in g-moles/cm2/secCs = 裂缝面上酸的浓度裂缝面上酸的浓度 g-moles/cc acid concentrations at the fracture face in g-moles/cck =

14、 反应速率常数反应速率常数reaction rate constantn = 反应级别反应级别reaction order k = ko exp (-Ea/RT)where:Ea = 活化能活化能Activation Energy in cal/g-moleR = 1.987 cal/g-mole/deg. KT =温度温度Temperature in deg. Kko=前幂指数因子前幂指数因子Pre-exponential factorArrhenius Law Expression for the “Reaction Rate Constant”Calcite Reactivity Dat

15、a方解石反应速率数据方解石反应速率数据Form ationLocationk at 150o FnEaNierode DataIndustryStandard5.27E-040.2215.2EkofiskNorth Sea2.53E-050.253.5TorNorth Sea4.52E-050.298.9Austin ChalkTexas, USA1.80E-050.262.3ArunIndonesia4.91E-050.138.3ArabAbu Dhabi7.99E-040.6311.3Retarded Acid Systems缓速酸系统Organic Acids有机酸Chemically

16、Retarded Acids化学缓速酸Gelled Acids稠化酸Crosslinked Acids交联酸Three Fundamental Considerations三个基本考虑因素Reactivity Control反应速率控制Fluid Loss Control流体漏失控制流体漏失控制Conductivity Generation传导性生产Fluid Loss Control - Fracture Geometry流体漏失控制裂隙几何形状Fracture Height裂缝高度Fracture Width裂缝宽度Hydraulic or Created Fracture Length液

17、压或造缝长度Effective Fracture Length有效造缝长度Geometry Depends On裂缝几何尺寸取决于:注入体积Volume Injected速率Rate流体漏失Fluid Loss !粘度Viscosity岩石特性Rock PropertiesFluid Loss in Fracture Acidizing酸化压裂中的流体漏失Important in Generation of Geometry裂缝几何形态的产生是重要因素More Difficult to Achieve With Reactive Fluid更难达到反应流体酸蚀孔洞Wormholes Fluid

18、 Loss 流体流失Additives and Techniques添加剂及其技术Viscosify the Acid酸的稠化Large Particulates大的悬浮颗粒物Lower Acid Strength低酸性ALPHA Technique ALPHA 波技术VCAAdditional Acid Systems used for Fracture Acidizing用于压裂酸化补充酸系Foamed Acids泡沫酸Heated Acids热酸热酸Three Fundamental Considerations三个基本考虑因素Reactivity Control反应率控制Fluid L

19、oss Control液体流失控制Conductivity Generation传导性形成传导性形成Fracture Acidizing酸化压裂Differential Etching = ConductivityConductivity Correlations传导性的关联传导性的关联Constant Width Open ChannelAEFFC = Constant*(w/12)3Nierode and Kruk CorrelationDiscounted for ClosureHalliburton CorrelationBased on Special Laboratory Test

20、sFracture Acidizing Placement Techniques压裂酸化布酸技术Conventional常规的Alternating Phases ALPHA 交替阶段ALPHA波MY-T-Acid MY-T-酸化技术Density Controlled Acidizing控制酸化密度Closed Fracture Acidizing (CFA)圈闭压裂酸化LowViscosityAcidFractureCementCasingPerforationsHigh ViscosityPreflushMy-T-Acid Technique MY-T-酸化技术NEW ACIDNEWPR

21、EFLUSHPRE-FLUSHSTEP #6ACIDPREFLUSHSTEP #2ACIDNEWPREFLUSHPREFLUSHSTEP #5ACIDPREFLUSHSTEP #3PREFLUSHSTEP #1 STEP #4ACIDPREFLUSHDensity Controlled Acidizing 密度控制酸化Create Fracture With Non-Acid Preflush非酸性前置液造缝Allow Fracture to Close允许裂缝关闭Pump Acid Below Fracturing Conditions在压裂环境下泵入酸Add FLA As Needed按照

22、需要加入FLA Divert As Necessary根据需要转向Closed Fracture Acidizing裂缝闭合后压裂酸化Formations that are Best Candidates to Fracture Acidize优选压裂酸化地层 85% Soluble可溶性 85% Heterogeneity多相性Closure 8000 psi关闭压力 8000 psiPerm 5 md渗透率 5 mdPorosity 20%孔隙度 20%Formations that are Difficult to Fracture Acidize难于压裂酸化的地层Deepest, Ho

23、ttest Carbonates非常深的高温碳酸盐岩地层Soft formations疏松地层Cold Dolomites低温白云盐岩地层Large Zones大的圈闭Long Horizontal Sections长的水平层80% Soluble Formations 80%的溶解性地层Carbonate 20/20 酸化体系酸化体系Production Performance生产特性生产特性Time时间时间Production rate 采油速度采油速度ProductionIncreaseConventionalCarbonate 20/20Kd / Ku = 0.5Kd / Ku = 0

24、.2Kd / Ku = 0.1Kd / Ku = 0.05Kd / Ku = 0.02(Radial Flow径向流径向流)Damaged / Undamaged ProductivityDamaged Zone Depth污染层深污染层深 (in)Production Loss Due to permeability Reduction渗透率降低造成的产量损失渗透率降低造成的产量损失 0.00708 kf h (Pavg - Pwf)mb ln(0.472 re / rw) + SQo = Darcys Law Oil Well油井达西公式油井达西公式 Vertical Well - Sim

25、plified Illustration直井简单说明直井简单说明S = Kf - Ks Ks (lnRs/Rw)For Rs = 4 ft Rw = 6 inches (0.5 ft) Kf = 100 mdIf Ks = 500 mdS = - 1.7If Ks = 1000 mdS = - 1.9Skin Damage Equation表皮效应损失方程表皮效应损失方程Permeability Improvement渗透率增加渗透率增加References参考资料Van Domelen, M. S. , “Optimizing Fracture Acidizing Treatment Design by Integrating Core Testing, Field Testing, and Computer Simulation”. SPE 22393Gdanski, R. D., “Fluid Properties and Particle Size Requirements for Effective Acid Fluid-Loss Control”. SPE 25849SPE Acidizing Monograph72 结束语结束语