21世纪大学英语读写教学方针教学教案第一册课文课本翻译.doc

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1、+-Unit1 TextA优等生的奥秘 现在是剑桥大学理科一年级学生的阿历克斯，曾在曼彻斯特的中学校队里踢足球，还导演过学校的戏剧演出但他中学毕业时得了五个A。在布里斯托尔大学攻读英语的阿曼达在中学里参加过戏剧演出，还经常打网球，但她仍然得到了四个。Alex, now a first-year student in natural sciences at Cambridge, played football for his school in Manchester and directed the school production of a play but he left school w

2、ith five As. Amanda, studying English at Bristol University, acted in plays at her school and played tennis regularly. Yet she still managed to get four As. 像他们这样的优等生是如何做到这一点的呢？脑子好使并不是唯一的答案。How do A students like these do it? Brains arent the only answer.最有天赋的学生未必在考试中取得最好的成绩。The most gifted students

3、 do not necessarily perform best in exams.懂得如何充分利用自己的才能要重要得多。Knowing how to make the most of ones abilities counts for much more.学习刻苦也不能说明全部问题。在这些成绩优秀的学生中，有些人投入的时间其实比那些分数低的同学还少。班级中拔尖学生的成功之道在于他们掌握了一些基本的技巧，这些技巧其他人也能很容易地学到。根据教育专家和学生们自己的叙述，优等生成功的奥秘有以下几点。Hard work isnt the whole story either. Some of the

4、se high-achieving students actually put in fewer hours than their lower-scoring classmates. The students at the top of the class get there by mastering a few basic techniques that others can easily learn. Here, according to education experts and students themselves, are the secrets of A students.1.全

5、神贯注！拔尖生不允许他们的学习时间受到干扰。一旦书本打开，便电话不接，电视不看，报纸不读。“这并不意味着对生活中的重要事情置之不理，”阿曼达解释说，“这意味着要安排好学习时间，以便能全神贯注。要是我牵挂一位患病的朋友，我会在做功课之前先给她打个电话。这样我坐下来学习时，就能真正集中心思了。”Concentrate! Top students allow no interruptions of their study time. Once the books are open, phone calls go unanswered, TV unwatched and newspapers unre

6、ad. This doesnt mean ignoring important things in your life, Amanda explains. It means planning your study time so that you can concentrate. If Im worried about a sick friend, I call her before I start my homework. Then when I sit down to study, I can really focus.2.在任何地方或所有的地方学习。亚利桑那州一位教授曾奉命辅导一些成绩欠

7、佳的大学运动员。他记得有一名赛跑运动员每天都要训练。他曾说服他利用这段时间记忆生物学术语。另一名学生则把词汇表贴在盥洗室墙上，每天刷牙时都记住一个生词。Study anywhere or everywhere. A university professor in Arizona assigned to tutor underachieving college athletes, recalls a runner who exercised daily. He persuaded him to use the time to memorise biology terms. Another stu

8、dent stuck a vocabulary list on his bathroom wall and learned a new word every day while brushing his teeth.3.安排好资料。汤姆在中学时打过篮球。“我非常忙，不可能为了找一支铅笔或一本不见的笔记本而浪费时间。我把每样东西都放在随后可取的地方，”他说。新墨西哥州学生保罗为每门功课备有两个文件夹，一个放当天布置的作业，另一个放已完成要交的家庭作业。Organize your materials. At school, Tom played basketball. I was too busy

9、 to waste time looking for a pencil or a missing notebook. I kept everything just where I could get my hands on it, he says. Paul, a student in New Mexico, keeps two folders for each subject one for the days assignments, the other for homework completed and ready to hand in.一个抽屉把必需的用品放在一起，这样就可减少因找东西

10、而浪费的时间。A drawer keeps essentials together and cuts down on time-wasting searches.4.安排好时间。当教师布置写一篇长论文时，阿历克斯会花两三天时间去阅读与题目有关的资料并做笔记，然后写出草稿，再写成论文。他会计划好在作业该交的前两三天完成，以便如果花费的时间超过预期，他还能在规定的最后期限前完成。阿曼达严格遵守一张学习时间表，其中包括每两小时休息一次。“在你过度疲劳时还试图学习并不明智，”她指出，Organize your time. When a teacher set a long essay, Alex wo

11、uld spend a couple of days reading round the subject and making notes, then hed do a rough draft and write up the essay. He would aim to finish a couple of days before the assignment was due so that if it took longer than expected, hed still meet the deadline. Amanda stuck to a study schedule that i

12、ncluded breaks every two hours. Trying to study when youre overtired isnt smart, she advises. “短暂的休息，哪怕只是伸展一下身体，呼吸呼吸新鲜空气，也能带来意想不到的效果。”Even a short break to stretch or get some fresh air can work wonders.5.学会阅读。“我过去常花许多时间阅读一些无关的资料，”阿曼达回忆说，“但后来我习惯了快读；如果一段文章的第一句话无关紧要，我便接着读下一段。”“我修过的最好的一门课便是快速阅读，”一名俄克拉荷

13、马州的学生说，“我不仅提高了每分钟阅读的词数，而且学会了首先看书的目录和插图。这样，当我开始阅读时，我就对阅读材料先有了一些了解，而且能记住更多的内容。”Learn how to read. I used to spend hours going through irrelevant material, Amanda remembers. But then I got used to reading quickly; if the first sentence of a paragraph wasnt relevant, Id move on to the next paragraph. Th

14、e best course I ever took, says an Oklahoma student, was speed-reading. I not only increased my words per minute but also learned to look at a books table of contents and pictures first. Then, when I began to read, I had a sense of the material and I retained a lot more.在这些学生看来，有效阅读的奥秘就在于做一个主动的阅读者，即

15、能不断提出一些能使自己充分理解所读材料的问题。To such students, the secret of good reading is to be an active reader one who keeps asking questions that lead to a full understanding of the material being read.6.做好笔记。“在写任何东西之前，我先把一页纸分成两部分，”阿曼达说，“左边部分约占纸宽的三分之一；右边部分占三分之二。我把笔记写在宽的一边，而把中心思想写在左边。Take good notes. Before writing

16、anything, I divide my page into two parts, says Amanda, the left part is about a third of the page wide; the right, two-thirds. I write my notes in the wider part, and put down the main ideas on the left.这在复习时非常有用，因为你马上就能看到为什么这些材料是有关的，而不用为信息量太大而发愁。”During revision, this is very useful because you ca

17、n see immediately why the material is relevant, rather than being worried by a great mass of information.在下课铃响起之前，多数学生便已经合上书本，收好作业，和朋友们说说话儿，准备离开了。而聪明的学生却利用这几分钟，用两三句话写出这堂课的要点，下一次上课之前，他便可以把这些要点浏览一遍。Just before the end of lesson bell rings, most students close their books, put away papers, talk to frie

18、nds and get ready to leave. But a smart student uses those few minutes to write two or three sentences about the lessons main points, which he scans before the next class.7.问问题。“如果你问问题，你立刻就会知道，你是否已经掌握了要点，”阿历克斯说。课堂参与是一种求知欲的显示。例如，在经济学课上，好奇的学生会问，中国经济怎么可能既是社会主义的，又是市场驱动的，从而使他们不仅对于“什么”，而且对于“为什么”和“怎么样”产生兴趣

19、。Ask questions. If you ask questions, you know at once whether you have got the point or not, says Alex. Class participation is a matter of showing intellectual curiosity. In a lecture on economics, for example, curious students would ask how the Chinese economy could be both socialist and market-dr

20、iven, thus interesting themselves not only in whats, but also in whys and hows.8.一起学习。一起学习的价值从加州大学伯克利分校的一项试验中显示了出来。该校的一位研究生在观察大一的微积分课程时，发现美国亚裔学生在一起讨论家庭作业，尝试不同的方法，并相互解释他们各自的解题方法，而其他学生则独自学习，把大部分时间用在反复阅读课文上，一次又一次地试用同一种方法，即便这种方法并不成功。Study together. The value of working together was shown in an experimen

21、t at the University of California at Berkeley. A graduate student there who observed a first-year calculus course found that Asian-American students discussed homework, tried different approaches and explained their solutions to one another while the others studied alone, spent most of their time re

22、ading and rereading the text, and tried the same approach time after time even if it was unsuccessful.毕竟，优等生的“奥秘”并不那么神秘。你也能学会和掌握这些奥秘，成为一名优等生。After all, the secrets of A students are not so secret. You can learn and master them and become an A student, too.Unit2 TextA会话方式与“球类游戏” 我结婚并在日本住了一段时间之后，我的日语水

23、平逐渐有了相当程度的提高，甚至能参与同丈夫、他朋友及家人间的简单谈话了。After I was married and had lived in Japan for awhile, my Japanese gradually improved to the point where I could take part in simple conversations with my husband, his friends, and family.我开始注意到，往往我一加入进去，别人似乎就猛吃一惊，谈话也随之停顿下来。And I began to notice that often, when I

24、 joined in, the others would look startled, and the conversation would come to a halt.这种情况反复出现了好几次，随后我明白过来，是我在做错事。可是有好长一段时间，我不知道自己错在哪里。After this happened several times, it became clear to me that I was doing something wrong. But for a long time, I didnt know what it was.在仔细聆听好多次日本人的相互交谈之后，我终于发现了自己的

25、问题所在Finally, after listening carefully to many Japanese conversations, I discovered what my problem was.：我尽管是在讲日语，但对谈话的处理仍是按西方的那套方式。Even though I was speaking Japanese, I was handling the conversation in a Western way.日本式谈话的进展，与西方式谈话迥然不同。其不同之处不仅仅在于语言。我意识到，正如我在讲日语时还试图保持西方人的谈话方式一样，我教的那些学英语的学生讲英语时，也在力求

26、保持日本人的谈话方式。我们在不知不觉中玩着截然不同的“会话游戏”。Japanese-style conversations develop quite differently from western-style conversations. And the difference isnt only in the languages. I realized that just as I kept trying to hold western-style conversations even when I was speaking Japanese, so were my English stu

27、dents trying to hold Japanese-style conversations even when they were speaking English. We were unconsciously playing entirely different conversational ballgames. 两个西方人之间的谈话就好比是在打一场网球赛。如果我提出一个话题，发出一个“会话球”，我期待你能把它回击过来。如果你同意我的观点，我不希望你仅仅止于聊表同意。我希望你能加一点东西进去说说同意的理由，举个另外的例子，或是发表一个看法，使这个观点有所深化。但我也不希望你一味地表示

28、同意。如果你对我的观点提出质疑，向我挑战，或完全不同意我的看法，我也会同样感到高兴。不管你是否同意我的观点，你的反应总是把球回击给我。A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me, I dont expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expe

29、ct you to add something a reason for agreeing, another example, or a remark to carry the idea further. But I dont expect you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me, or challenge me, or completely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree, your response will return the ball to m

30、e.接下去又该轮到我了。我不会在原来的发球线上重新发球，而是从来球弹起的地方再把它击回去。我把你的观点深化，或是回答你的疑问或反对意见，或是向你提出挑战或质疑。这样球就一来一往打下去了。And then it is my turn again. I dont serve a new ball from my original starting line. I hit your ball back again from where it has bounced. I carry your idea further, or answer your questions or objections,

31、or challenge or question you. And so the ball goes back and forth. 如果参与谈话的人不止两个，那么谈话就像网球中的双打，或是像打排球。没有排队等候这回事。谁离球最近，动作最迅速，谁就上去击球；如果你往后退，别人就会上来击球，没有人会停下比赛，专等你去击球。你得自己负责把握击球机会，而没有人能长时间地占住球不放。If there are more than two people in the conversation, then it is like doubles in tennis, or like volleyball. T

32、heres no waiting in line. Whoever is nearest and quickest hits the ball, and if you step back, someone else will hit it. No one stops the game to give you a turn. Youre responsible for taking your own turn and no one person has the ball for very long. 然而日本式的谈话一点也不像打网球或者排球，倒像是在玩保龄球。你等着轮到自己，而且往往对自己的上场

33、先后次序也很清楚。这取决于这样一些因素：你年龄的长幼，与前一位发言者的亲疏程度，以及地位的尊卑，等等。A Japanese-style conversation, however, is not at all like tennis or volleyball, its like bowling. You wait for your turn, and you always know your place in line. It depends on such things as whether you are older or younger, a close friend or a rel

34、ative stranger to the previous speaker, in a senior or junior position, and so on. 首先是要耐心而又礼貌地等着轮到自己。轮到你的时候，你手持保龄球，站到发球线上，然后谨慎地出手。其余的人都往后站，彬彬有礼地说些鼓励的话。人人都等着球滚到球道的终端，看它是击倒了所有的球柱，还是只击倒了其中几个，还是一个都没击倒。然后出现一阵短暂的间歇。人人都在给你打分。The first thing is to wait for your turn, patiently and politely. When your moment

35、 comes, you step up to the starting line with your bowling ball, and carefully bowl it. Everyone else stands back, making sounds of polite encouragement. Everyone waits until your ball has reached the end of the lane, and watches to see if it knocks down all the pins, or only some of them, or none o

36、f them. Then there is a pause, while everyone registers your score. 接着，在人人都确信你已经打完之后，下一个人站到同一条发球线上，手里拿着另一个球。他不回你的球。根本就没有一来一往的回合，并且每两次之间总有一段恰如其分的间歇。没有争抢，也无兴奋可言。Then, after everyone is sure that you are done, the next person in line steps up to the same starting line, with a different ball. He doesnt

37、return your ball. There is no back and forth at all. And there is always a suitable pause between turns. There is no rush, no impatience. 难怪我每次加入日本人的谈话，他们都会面露惊诧之色。我从不注意该轮到谁发言了，总是在球道中途将球截住，再把它回掷给发球者。谈话当然继续不下去了，因为我在玩另一种球类游戏。No wonder everyone looked startled when I took part in Japanese conversations.

38、 I paid no attention to whose turn it was, and kept snatching the ball halfway down the alley and throwing it back at the bowler. Of course the conversation fell apart, I was playing the wrong game. 这也可以解释，为什么几乎无法让学英语的日本学生展开西方式的谈话或讨论。每次我发出个排球，人人都只是站在一段距离之外，看着它落下来，没有人把它打回去。人人都等在原处，直到我指名叫某人上场。而那人开口时，他

39、并不把我发过去的球打回来。他重新发球。人人都再次看着它落地。于是我再叫另一个人，而这个人并不提及上一个发言者所讲的内容，而是又重新发球。人人都在同一发球线上重新开始，并且所有球都是平行向前的。从来没有一来一往的回合。This explains why it can be so difficult to get a western-style discussion going with Japanese students of English. Whenever I serve a volleyball, everyone just stands back and watches it fall

40、. No one hits it back. Everyone waits until I call on someone to take a turn. And when that person speaks, he doesnt hit my ball back. He serves a new ball. Again, everyone just watches it fall. So I call on someone else. This person does not refer to what the previous speaker has said. He also serv

41、es a new ball. Everyone begins again from the same starting line, and all the balls run parallel. There is never any back and forth. 你既然了解了“会话游戏”中的不同之处，也许会觉得所有的问题都解决了。Now that you know about the difference in the conversational ballgames, you may think that all your troubles are over.然而，如果你一生都在被训练玩一

42、种球类游戏，现在要你换一种玩玩，那也不是说换就换得成的，就算你懂得规则也不行。But if you have been trained all your life to play one game, it is no simple matter to switch to another, even if you know the rules. 打网球毕竟不同于投保龄球。Tennis, after all, is different from bowling.Unit3 TextA史蒂威旺达（奇才）：阴影中的阳光1950年5月13日史蒂威莫里斯出生时，医生们都摇摇头，对母亲说，她儿子先天失明，而

43、且有可能会终生如此。她不由得泪流满面。When Stevie Morris was born, on May 13, 1950, the doctors shook their heads and told the mother that her son was born blind and likely would always be that way. She broke into tears.双目失明，又是黑人，家里又穷这个新生儿会过一种什么样的生活呢？Blind and black and poor what kind of life could this new infant hav

44、e?莫里斯太太再异想天开也决不会料到，她的这个小宝宝日后会成为一位被誉为“史蒂威旺达”的著名音乐家。In her wildest dreams, Mrs. Morris could never have imagined that her new baby would become a famous musician called Stevie Wonder.而当时，她所能做的只有祈祷外加担忧。At the time, all she could do was pray and worry.史蒂威自己倒一点也不担忧。生活太充实了。他是在一群虔诚的教徒中长大的，这些人的信仰帮助他们忍受贫穷。他热

45、爱音乐，会用调羹或叉子在任何稍有点像鼓得物面上敲敲打打。Stevie himself didnt worry at all. Life was too full. He was brought up among church-going people whose faith helped them bear the poverty. He loved music and would pound spoons or forks on any surface that faintly resembled a drum.他甚至还和视力正常的孩子们一起奔跑戏耍。他说：“我到4岁左右才意识到自己是个盲人

46、。”这听起来也许有点奇怪。其实对于一个刚刚开始了解周围世界的小孩子来说，这一点也不奇怪。史蒂威听得见、嗅得到、摸得着。就他所知，一个人能做的也就只是这些了。这就是生活。He even ran and played with sighted children. I didnt realize I was blind until I was about four, he says. That might sound strange. To a small child just learning about the world, it wasnt strange at all. Stevie hea

47、rd and smelled and touched. As far as he knew, that was all anyone could do. That was life.母亲的桌子老是被他用来当鼓敲打，母亲受不了了，便给他买了一套玩具。他拼命敲打，不到几个礼拜那套玩具就被敲坏了。随后又买了几套别的玩具；后来他的一位叔叔又给他买了个玩具口琴，史蒂威很快学会了吹奏，令大家惊叹不已。When Stevies mother got tired of her tables being used for drums, she bought him a toy set. He played so

48、 hard that he had actually worn the toy out within a few weeks. Other toy sets followed; then an uncle added a toy harmonica, and Stevie learned to play it so quickly that everyone was amazed.史蒂威自学弹钢琴，也像学口琴一样很快无师自通。Stevie taught himself to play the piano as quickly as he had once learned the harmoni

49、ca.他开始和朋友们在一起演奏摇滚乐。With friends, he began playing rock and roll music.他们在史蒂威家公寓楼前面的门廊上表演，吸引了成群的邻居来观看、聆听，他们还随音乐节拍鼓掌。They performed on the front porch of Stevies apartment building, drawing crowds of neighbors to watch and listen and clap time to the beat.“我喜欢那种拍子，”史蒂威说。他不仅喜欢那种拍子，还很善于创作那种拍子。I loved that beat, Stevie says. He not only loved the beat, he was very good at making it.奇迹”演唱小组的罗尼怀特听说了史蒂威其人其事，立即把他带到