2022年高中英语定语从句讲义 .pdf

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1、精品资料欢迎下载定语从句定语从句功能及位置功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。例： Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please. 定义：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。(定语从句的概念 :在复合句 中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词 ,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面.）关系词引导定语从句的关联

2、词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词 有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what ；关系副词 有 where, when, why,how等。关系词常有3 个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。在定语从句中充当一句子成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom 作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。定语定语用来 限定 、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短

3、语）或句子，汉语中常用 的 表示。主要由形容词担任，此外， 名词 ，代词 ，数词 ，分词 ，副词 ，不定式以及 介词短语 也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置先行词关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、 定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1,who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who 作主语指人， whom 作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略）， 可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：(

4、1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师2,Whose

5、 用来指人或物(只用作定语 , 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了， 大家都跑过去帮忙。(2) Please pass me the book whose color (the color of which) is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。(3) The man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。3,which, that它

6、们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语）4,as （重点）as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省

7、略，指人或者物。常与such as,the same as 等短语连用。5，as 与 which的区别as 可以放在句首，而which不行as 表示主观， which表示客观事实as 引导非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句关系代词关系代词：在句中作主语 、宾语 或定语1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略。eg： This is the book （which ） you want. 2. 如果 which 在从句中作 “ 不及物动词 +介词 ” 的介词的宾语，注意介词不要

8、丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置3. 代表物时多用which ，但在下列情况中用 that 而不用 which ：重点精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载a)先行词是 anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词 时；b)先行词由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的 that 常被省略；c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；d)先行词中既有人又有物

9、时；e)整个句中前面已有which ，who,that时；f)当先行词为物并作表语时；g)先行词为 one 时；h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时；i)在 there be 句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物j)以 here is 开头的句子k）It is a high time+ 定语从句4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰

10、物体时, 可以与of which 调换 ,表达的意思一样。关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词 =介词 +关系代词why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。2. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是， 表示时间 “time 一词的定语从句只用when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that 引导。By the time when you arrived in London, we ha

11、d stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。I still remember the first time when I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebod

12、y, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或 nothing 时，常用there is 开头There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号 隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立非限制性定语从句意义 :精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解

13、。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有 逗号隔开 ，如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，前后都需要用逗号隔开。1. which 引导的非限制性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或 指示代词 所修饰时， 其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园

14、。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时 as 也可用

15、作关系5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why 和关系代词that， 而用 who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why ，可用 for which 代替 .；p.s: which引导的非限制性定语从句其后不可省成分，as 可以关系代词引导的定语从句who 指人在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人. who

16、m 指人在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who 和 whom 已无太大区别，基本可以通用。区别是 who 可以做主语而whom 不可以， whom 前可以加介词如to whom ，但是 who 不可以）(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend

17、. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友 . 注意：关系代词whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用who 代替，可省略。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载如果在从句中做宾语,就用 whom 或 who. 比如 : He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who. 比如 : He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人. whose 通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表

18、所有。(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中 . whose 指物时通常以以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

19、课堂门， 被打破会不久被修复。(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?你喜欢颜色是黄色的书吗? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?你喜欢的书的颜色是什么？是黄色吗 ? which指物在定语从句中做主语，表语，定语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。在非限制性定语从句中有“ ，” 即可用 which (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (wh

20、ich) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔. that 指人时相当于 who 或者 whom ；指物时，相当于which 。在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 每年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了100 万。(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 今天早上我看见的那个人在哪里？关系副词引导的定语从句when 指时间

21、在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. where 指地点在定语从句中做地点状语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago ha

22、s been pulled down. why 指原因在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“ 介词 +关系代词 ” 引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to

23、 school he began to know what he wanted when he gr 介词和关系代词1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2）that 前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词 +关系词 结构可以同关系副词when ,where和 why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do yo

24、u remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. 介词 +关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which/whom即“ 介词 +which/whom 且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如：(1) The school (that/which) he

25、 once studied in is very famous.that/which可以省略= The school in which he once studied is very famous.which”不可省略(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. = Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (3) We ll go to hear the famou s singer (whom/that/who) we h

26、ave often talked about. = We ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T=正确 ) F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F=错误 ) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom ，不可用who 或者

27、that；指物时用 which ，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F) (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) The plane in that we flew in t

28、o Canada is very comfortable. (F) 3. “介词 +关系代词 ” 前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词。(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our clas

29、s in all, most of whom are from big cities. (4) The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous. (5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun. 关系代词关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。which 指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；who 在从句中作主语；whom 在从句中作宾语；where 在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；when 在从句

30、中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；why 在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是the reason 有时 why 也可用 for+which代替。例： A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. 主语 谓语先行词定语从句修饰先行词判断介词和关系代词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语， 就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill nev

31、er forget the days when I worked together with you.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词 /关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案：例 1 D ，例 1 变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 精

32、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载在句 1 中， is 后应跟表语， 只有 the one 可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago则做 one 的定语从句。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、宾语时， 选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词( where 地点状语， when 时间状语， why 原因状语 ) 。先行词和关系词1)Whoever spits in public w

33、ill be punished here.(Whoever 可以用anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用 all that 代替 ) 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句 。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever ” 、“what”分别用 “Anyone who” 、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all ”。由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，a

34、s 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于and this或 and that 。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. itB. thatC. whichD. he答案 C。此为非限定性从句，不能用that 修饰，而用which. ， it 和 he

35、 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he 句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案 B。which 可代替句子， 用于非限定性定语从句，而 what 不可。 That 不能用于非限定性定语从句， it 不为 连词 ，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法 上行不通。as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处

36、主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which 不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which. 。在本题中， prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和 一样 。I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如 。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -

37、第 8 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.As 是关系代词。例1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know 要用被动式。一、 “as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：My grandmothers house was always of great importance to me

38、, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do 和 as / which 一起代替。 do 可以出现， 也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分。这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、 “as/whi

39、ch ”特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which ”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分， “as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前

40、。如果先行成分是否定句， “as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于 “as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。三、 “as/which ”特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来， as 与 which 的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surpris

41、ing, delightful, disgraceful等。2. 表示评注精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“ 合乎自然规律” 、“ 众所周知 ” 或 “ 经常发生 ” 等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。3. 有无状语意义“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义

42、。 “as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which ”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。四、关系代词as 与 which 的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。as 作主语时， 谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem ），主语补语为usual 、 a rule 、a matter of fact等时，系动词be 习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于 被动语态 （其中助动词be 常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen 一词。如：Freddie, as might be

43、 expected, was attending the conference. Which 作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be 省略。2. as 和 which 都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. as 和 which 在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be. “as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which 而不用 as。如：He talked like a native, wh

44、ich/as he hardly was. 4. which 在特殊从定语句中作定语。which 可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as 不能作定语。如：I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed. 关系代词 that 的用法(1)不用 that 的情况（重点）(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous

45、 here.(b) 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a)在 there be 句型中，只用that，不用 which 。(b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行词时，只用that，不用which 。(c)先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，

46、只用that。(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that, 不能用 which 。 .精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 13 页精品资料欢迎下载(e)先行词既有人，又有物时。(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时(g) 为了避免重复(h)先行词是the way 或 the reason时， that 可作关系副词，也可省略(i) 主句的主语是疑问词who /which时举例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library? 这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？Who

47、 that break the window should be punished谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。难点分析（一） 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况（重点）1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外 ), few, all, none, little, s

48、ome 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each 等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little (that) I can do for you. 注意 1：部分时候that

49、 可以省略，如部分例句将that 用括号括住。注意 2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2、当先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that I have seen. 4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last ,any,little等修饰时(1)

50、 This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Whic