专升本考试-英语语法学习总结.doc

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1、.*目录一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）1二、不定式5三、动词的时态和语态29一般现在时的特例29一般过去时的注意点30一般将来时的注意点30四、非谓语动词31五、复合式谓语41六、动词的虚拟语气45七、状语从句501、时间状语从句502.地点状语从句523、原因状语从句524条件状语从句535让步状语从句546目的状语从句547结果状语从句558方式状语从句56一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object宾语补足语 object complement表语 predictive定语 attributive状语 adverbialWARM-U

2、P：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）I八大成分的概念和构成1主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the

3、rain.不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）2谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I have a dream.You dont always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆

4、所需。谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）3宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。You dont find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably wont hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式 形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）4表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Time is mo

5、ney.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词11）名词从句5补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词小品词10）名词从句主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am sure

6、to succeed.6. 定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句7. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句8. 状语：修饰词，短语，从句和整句

7、。位置：自由自在。1）修饰性状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词等（时间，地点，肯定，否定，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较等）。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序，递进，转折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。First comes spring, then summer.Ive never been to America, therefore I dont know

8、 much about it.3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）II成分关系1补语跟着宾语表语跑：补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us happyto love ourselves makes

9、 us lonely.（宾补）We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。2定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：定语，同位语修饰名词性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）3谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the star

10、s, you may not quite get one, but you wont come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。1、主语：(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实).

11、 / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或

12、“主-系”省略：(It is) nothing. (那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesnt matter. (那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. (我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesnt he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略

13、了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose ha

14、s passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)2、谓语：(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / The pizza has gone ba

15、d. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+主要动词(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be

16、done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)二、不定式一、作主语 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How l

17、ong did it take you to finish the work? 不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back.W

18、hen our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his dut

19、y to help the poor. 介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt is +adj.+ to do sth 句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin

20、a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,

21、silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 2.动词+to do（作宾语）动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如 I beg to differ.我不敢苟同.能用此结构的动词有:决心decide determin学会learn想want希望expec

22、t wish hope,拒绝refuse设法manage strive愿care假装pretend,主动ofer答应promise选choose计划plan,同意agree请求ask beg帮一帮help.为方便记忆大家把汉字连成句.另外再加上afford to do sth 承担的起3. 在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what/who/which)或者连接副词（how/when/where)以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)Show us what

23、 to do. (=what we must do)I dont know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if）4.不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他发现很难入睡.注意：常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。句型四： 形容词+ to do sth of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，常用brave,care

24、ful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词 It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is generous of him to lend me his car,不定式作状语 作目的状语(1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前

25、可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,

26、happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用

27、的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 作结果状语 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： soas to;suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoug

28、hto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列结构中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have，相当 于very） We have too mu

29、ch to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 too.to 的用法一、too. to. 的意义 too. to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意义上却是否定的，表示太而不能。too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to 的后面接动词原形。too. to.句型是简单句。例如：He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小，不能参军。二、动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时，需要在动词不定式前加上一个逻辑主语(常用for sb.)。例如：The maths problem is too difficult for

30、 me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。三、too. to. 结构表达肯定的意义1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词，如: not, never, nothing等时，too. to. 结构不表示否定的意义。例如：It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)2. 如果在too. to.这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义，反而加强了too的肯定语气，only too 相当于very 或very much。例如：I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我

31、将极其高兴。3. too后接表示感情的形容词，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时，too. to.句型不再表示否定意义，而表示的是肯定意义。例如：He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。四、too. to. 结构与enough.to. 结构及so. that.结构的相互转换1. 将too.to.结构转换为enough. to. 结构时，要注意：(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词；(2) enough. to. 句式须用否定式；(3) too. to.结构有逻辑主语时，eno

32、ugh. to. 结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如：She is too young to do the work. = She isnt old enough to do the work. The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isnt easy enough for him to work out.2. 将too.to.结构转换为so. that. 结构时，要注意：(1) so. that. 结构是复合句，so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，that的后面接从句。(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如：She i

33、s too young to go to school. = She is so young that she cant go to school.请同学们做做下列中考题，以便检验你对too. to.用法的掌握情况。变换下列句型：1. a. The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.b. The box is _ heavy_ _ _ carry. c. The box is not _ _ for me to carry.2. a. The maths problem isnt easy enough for me to work out. b. Th

34、e maths problem is _ difficult _ I cant work it out.c. The maths problem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out. 3. a. The book is interesting enough foreverybody to read. b. The book is _ interesting_ everybody likes to readit. Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough2. b. so, that c. too, for me to 3. b.

35、 so, that不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1

36、)表示将来的动作（例）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），en

37、courage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2)部分动词后常接to be形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think)

38、,imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 I didnt hear anyone say anything

39、 about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help,know后面的to可有可无。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? Ive never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France bef

40、ore. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： He was not allowed to enter

41、 the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；To be kind

42、 to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 动名词作主语 Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如： Its +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in

43、 dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its形容词doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：Itsimportant for you to keep fit. There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于Its impos

44、sible to结构。 动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules.二、作宾语 动名词作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreci

45、ate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,los