可以粘贴复制的word版本剑桥雅思真命题8test2.doc

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1、.READINGREADING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture: the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. W

2、hen heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (C) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it sta

3、yed perfectly unblemished, with a fire finish. However, the process took a long-time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing

4、 molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent

5、 of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improv

6、ing the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600C), but could not boil at a temperatu

7、re below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500C). The best metal for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the undersid

8、e of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out o

9、f the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 an

10、d by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company 100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a s

11、ervice to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for

12、around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes - melting, refining, homogenising - take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a

13、continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. H

14、owever, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubbl

15、e is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a s

16、econd to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed

17、to minimise waste.Questions 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glass MethodAdvantages.V n - - : : .Disadvantages1. Glass remained 2. Slow 3.Ribbon

18、Could produce glass sheets of varying 4. Non-stop process Glass was 5. 20% of glass rubbed away Machines were expensivePilkingtons float processQuestions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the stateme

19、nt agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11 Pilkingtons first full-scale plant was

20、an instant commercial success.12 The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-1

21、7Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Predicting climatic changesii The relevance of the Little Ice Age todayiii How cities c

22、ontribute to climate change iv Human impact on the climatev How past climatic conditions can be determinedvi A growing need for weather recordsvii A study covering a thousand yearsviii People have always responded to climate changeix Enough food at lastExample AnswerParagraph A viii14 Paragraph BExa

23、mple AnswerParagraph C v15 Paragraph D16 Paragraph E17 Paragraph FTHE LITTLE ICE AGEA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather

24、- as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years a

25、go, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the worlds first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the

26、 Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high. B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss A

27、lps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a dee

28、p freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abru

29、ptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a

30、few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only proxy records reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of t

31、ree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter tempe

32、rature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During th

33、ese three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were abo

34、ut the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the Nor

35、th Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decad

36、es of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Bas

37、ques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the g

38、rowing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern W

39、arm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers axes between 1

40、850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as t

41、he use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricane

42、s are becoming more frequent.Questions 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-l, below.Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledgeof conditions in

43、the distant past are 18.and 19.Wecan deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20.rather than ofconsistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of21.and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22.with norain at all. Aclimatic shiftsBice coresC tree ringsDglaciersEi

44、nteractionsF weather observationsGheat wavesHstormsI written accountsQuestions 23-26Classify the following events as occurring during theA Medieval Warm PeriodB Little Ice AgeC Modern Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Many Europeans started farmin

45、g abroad.24 The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25 Europeans discovered other lands.26 Changes took place in fishing patterns.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-32Reading Pa

46、ssage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsiThe difficulties of talking about smellsiiThe role of smell in personal relationshipsiiiFuture studies into smellivThe relationship between the brain and thenoseVThe interpretation of smells as a factor indefining groupsviWhy our sense of smell is not appreciatedviiSmell is our superior senseviiiThe relati