托福听力Lecture 分类词汇完整版.doc

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1、Lecture 分类词汇完整版1. 生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染 / 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontol

2、ogy古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving潜水 / 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wi

3、ld environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimen物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵

4、化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品 / 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome

5、染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2. 动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder亚目family科genus属species种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原

6、生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carniv

7、ore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms（昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spaw

8、n（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺sal

9、ivary gland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen / crocodile鳄鱼centiped

10、e蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫3. 海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海

11、豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼4. 植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot

12、/ sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic共生的wither / shrivel / f

13、ade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition营养perennial多年

14、一生的annual一年一生的verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米p

15、umpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5. 气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间va

16、por蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿 / 水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog / mist雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降

17、水thunder雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction风向lo

18、ng-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图6. 地质学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimen

19、tary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock变质岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川

20、期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera（开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring温泉earthquake / quake

21、 / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave纵波epicenter震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide海底山崩melt global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大

22、峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物7. 考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropolog人类学archaeologist人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous同以种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族excavat

23、ion挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8. 地理学hemis

24、phere 半球meridian子午线 / 经线parallel平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线 / 经度elevation海拔altitude高度 / 海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes温带地区tropics热带地区Arctic / the North Pole北极Antarctic / Antarctica南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of

25、 Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形 / 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流d

26、eposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island大陆岛volcanic island火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside /

27、 mountain slope山坡continental shelf大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid寒带的frost hea

28、ving冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory版图；领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune沙丘Lagoon咸水湖9. 天

29、文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasa

30、r类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星

31、meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman宇航员space suit宇航服stellar恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层ch

32、romospheres色球；色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object幻影体faint微弱的image影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation自传revolution公转black h

33、ole黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10. 环保相关ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution水污

34、染noxious / toxic有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush

35、 hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐

36、森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Nio厄尔尼诺现象12. 新技术发明相关13. 人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排

37、家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romant

38、ic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotiv

39、e感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous死后的14. 发展史 文学pose散文diary日记autobiography传记editorial社论narrative prose叙述性descriptive prose描写性essay随笔poetry诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue尾声literary criticism文学批

40、评literary studies文学研究schools of literature文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义 音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound dru击鼓foot beat跺脚note音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐clas

41、sical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦h

42、armony和声rest休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude序曲epilogue尾声 政治经济subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看

43、法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的 建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆

44、office building写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡 美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life

45、静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色