含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式.doc

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1、+含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句，其主要用法及表现形式可归纳如下：1. 将条件隐含在不定式短语中I would write to her, but I dont know her address. 我会给她写信的，就是不知道她的地址。(=If I knew her address, I would write to her. But)To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。(=If you had studied

2、 harder, you)2. 将条件隐含在分词短语中Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. 如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。(=If he had been born in better times, he would)Failing this time, what would you do？ 假若这次失败，那你怎么办？(=If you failed this time, what would)Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified. 要一个人单独在黑暗中行走，玛

3、丽会感到十分害怕。(If Mary walked alone in the dark, she)3. 将条件隐含在介词短语中But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(=If it hadnt been for your help, we)In different circumstances, I would have said yes. 在不同的情况下，我就会同意了。(=If circumstances had been different, I would)4. 将

4、条件隐含在名词短语中Any person who had behaved in that way would have been dismissed. 任何人这样做了都会被开除。(=If any person should behave in that way, he would)A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。(If you had come a few hours earlier, you)5. 将条件隐含在某些连词中I didnt know tha

5、t he was a cheat, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 我不知道他是个骗子，不然我也不会相信他了。(or else=if I had known he was a cheat)Im really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. 我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。(other wise=if I were not so busy)6. 将条件隐含在定语从句中Anyone who had seen that painting might have take

6、n it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。(=If anyone had seen that painting)7. 将条件隐含在一定的上下文中You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(=If you wanted to, you might)Dont bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. 不要费事看所有这些文件了，那会花太多时间。(=If you read all these papers, It would take too long一 般完

7、成进 行完 成 进 行现 在现在一般时do现在完成时have done现在进行时is doing现在完成进行时have been doing过 去过去一般时did过去完成时had done过去进行时was doing过去完成进行时had been doing将 来将来一般时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来一般时would do过去将来完成时would have done过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing

8、 独立主格用法详解一、独立主格结构的形式英语中，独立主格结构的形式有两类：一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。另一类是：介词with / without后接名词或代词再跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。A. 名词或代词 +形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如：A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在

9、李蕾来了，魏方明天到。2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如：The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如：His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如：The ground muddy, we should be care

10、ful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如：The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如(from )：Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 B. 介词with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词He spoke to us with his mouth full o

11、f food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词Dont brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。5. with / witho

12、ut + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词(from )With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。二、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。1. 作时间状语School over, th

13、e students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。2. 作条件状语It being fine tomorrow, well go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。 3. 作原因状语The meeting being put off, we neednt hurry. 由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr. Li bei

14、ng ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。4. 作伴随状语Mr. Li comes here, with a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。不定式、现在分词和过去分词作补语的比较一、基本用法区别当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程) 或现在分词(正在进行或一直处于某种状态) ；当宾语与作宾补的动词

15、在逻辑上是被动关系时，用过去分词。He asked us to come here early the next day. 他叫我们第二天来早点。(未来) We saw him enter the room. 我们看到他进了那个房间。(全过程) We saw him talking to her. 我们看到他在与她谈话。(正在进行) She kept us waiting here for an hour. 她让我们在这等了一个小时了。(一直处于某种状态) I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看到他被汤姆打了。(him与beaten是被动关系) 二、几点注意说明(1) 通常用带

16、to的不定式作宾补的动词很多，常见的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like/love/prefer 等表示劝请、要求类动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。(2) 在help后作宾补的不定式带不带to均可。如：He helped me (to) clean the room.

17、他帮我清扫房间。(3) 在hope, suggest, agree, decide, demand等后不可接sb. to do sth. 。译：我建议他不去那里。误：I suggested him not to go there. 正：I suggested that he should not go there. 正：I advised him not to go there. (4) want, wish 等后接 to be done 作宾补时，to be 可省略，直接过去分词作宾补。如：When do you wish it (to be) finished? 你要什么时候完成？(5)

18、在使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带 to。在使役动词 make, let, have 后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。如：They made Paul study English. 他们强迫保罗学习英语。Paul was made to study English. 保罗被迫学习英语。(6) 感官动词feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice等后面的宾语与作宾补的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的(在被动式后作主补时要加to) 不定式(全过程) 或者现在分词作宾补(正在发生) ，是被动关

19、系是时，用过去分词作宾补。(7) 在with的宾语后，若用过去分词，表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成或；若用现在分词，表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行；若用带to的不定式，则表示将来的动作，宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系，注意此时的不定式不是作宾补而是作宾语的定语了。如()：The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来，他的手是被捆在背后的。I couldnt do my homework with all that

20、noise going on. 由于吵声不断我做不了作业。With a lot of difficult problems to settle, I have no time to have a rest. 由于有许多问题要处理，我没时间休息。动名词复合结构可用作哪些成分本站特约作者 陈根花名词所有格或物主代词后加动名词，即构成动名词复合结构。在动名词复合结构中，名词属格或物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语。这种复合结构在句中可用作以下成分：一、用作主语。如：His saying he is sorry alters the case. 他的道歉使情况改变了。His behaving like tha

21、t is strange. 他这样的表现是很奇怪的。His saying he is sorry alters the case. 他的道歉使情况改变了。Your denying everything will get you nowhere. 你否认一切将是办不到的。Her arrivinglate delayed our departure. 她来晚了，延误了我们的出发时间。His knowing I had returned home unexpectedly is strange. 他竟知道我突然回家，真是件怪事。动名词复合结构用作主语时，其名词或代词一般要用所有格，但在口语中偶尔也有

22、用名词普通格和代词宾语的情况。如()：My daughter staying up so late worried me. 我的女儿睡得很晚令我担心。Today being Saturday rather complicates matters. 今天是星期六反而把事情复杂化了。二、用作宾语。如：I like him /his playing the guitar. 我喜欢他弹吉它。I must insist on him / his paying. 我一定坚持他付钱。He disliked me / my working late. 他不喜欢我工作到很晚。I suggested his se

23、nding it to Tagore. 我建议他把它寄给泰戈尔。A severe cold prevented his attending the meeting. 重感冒使他未能来开会。I object to people / him / his smoking in restaurants. 我反对人们 / 他在饭店里吸烟。非谓语动词的否定式一、基本方法非谓语动词的否定式通常是就在非谓语动词之前加 not 或 never。如:Try not to make a noise. 尽量别弄出声来。He told the children not to play in the street. 他叫

24、孩子们不要在街上玩耍。He apologized for his not being able to arrive on time. 他因没能按时到来而道歉。I told him not to make a mess in the kitchen. 我叫他不要把厨房弄得乱七八槽。Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like. 我没有见过他，所以说不出他的模样。Not having

25、received his letter, she decided to write to him again. 她没收到他的们，就决定再给他写一封。二、注意之点当前面有逻辑主语时，要放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。如：Im surprised at your not having noticed. 我对你没有注意到感到惊奇。Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 詹尼未被培养成一名舞蹈演员，是她的一件憾事。非谓语动词重要句式归纳why not句式why not后习惯上接动词原形，不能接带to不定式或现在分词，主要

26、用于表示同意、赞成、劝诱等，其意为“为什么不呢”。如：A：May I go with you? 我可以和你一起去吗?B：Why not? 可以呀。Why not try again?干嘛不再试呢?Why not use both? 何不两者都用?Why not ask someone else? 问问别人怎么样?But why not write him from Lisbon? 干吗不从里斯本给他写信?Why notmeet and discuss it? 我们碰个头讨论一下这件事不行吗? Youre looking tired. Why not take a holiday? 你一脸倦容，

27、怎么不休假呢?Why not wait till the winter sales to buy a new coat? 为什么不等到冬季大贱卖时再买一件新外衣呢?If you have to go to the dentist, why not go at once and get it over? 你要是必须去非谓语动词重要句式归纳would rather句式1. “would rather+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事”，其中的动词原形不能改为不定式或分词。如：Wed rather stay at home. 我们宁愿呆在家里。I would rather not tell him. 我宁

28、愿不告诉他。We would rather not meet him. 我们宁愿不和他相见。Id rather work in a supermarket. 我宁愿在超级市场工作。He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人谈而不愿自己谈。Which would you rather do, go to cinema or stay at home?你是去看电影还是待在家。I would rather do some reading at home than go shopping with them. 与其和他们去购物，

29、我倒宁愿留在家里读点书。American young people would rather get advice from strangers. 美国的年轻人宁可从陌生人那里获取咨询。2. “would rather+动词原形+than+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：Hewould rather play than work. 他宁可玩，却不愿工作。Id rather walk than take a bus. 我宁愿走路而不愿乘公共汽车。He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人谈而不愿自己谈。He

30、 would rather deal with a man than with a woman. 他愿意和男人打交道而不愿和女人打交道。3. “would +动词原形+rather than+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：I would do anything rather than let him get off. 我愿做任何事而不愿让他跑掉。Id take the slowest train rather than go there by air. 我宁可乘最慢的火车去也不愿坐飞机去。非谓语动词重要句式归纳-031. prefer+不定式+rather than+动词原形

31、其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus. 我宁愿走着去，而不愿坐公共汽车去。He prefers to read rather than watch television. 他喜欢 读书而不喜欢看电视。注：若语义明确，有时可以有所省略。如：I prefer to travel by day rather than (travel) by night. 我宁愿白天旅行而不是在夜间旅行。2. prefer+动名词+to+动名词其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：He prefers swimming to

32、 riding as a sport. 作为一项运动项 目，他更喜欢游泳而不是骑马。注：这类结构的 prefer 前有时也可用 would, should 等。如：Wewould prefer playing outdoors to watching television. 我们宁愿在外面玩而不愿看电视。动名词主动表被动的三种类型在某些特殊结构中，动名词可以用主动形式表示被动意义，这主要见于以下几种情况：一、“需要”型在need, want, require几个表示“需要”的动词后，英语习惯上用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如：He needs encouraging. 他需要鼓励。Your

33、hair wants cutting. 你需要理发了。The front gate requires mending. 前门需要修理。从意义上看，以上三句的动名词均含有被动意味，但用的都是主动形式。不过，如果改用不定式，则要用被动式，如上面也可说成：He needs to be encouraged. 他需要鼓励。Your hair wants to be cut. 你需要理发了。The front gate requires to be mended. 前门需要修理。二、“值得”型这类词比较典型的有三个，它们是(be) worth, deserve, merit它们后面跟的动名词习惯上要用主

34、动式表示被动意义，不能直接使用被动式。如：The film is worth seeing twice. 这个片子值得看两遍。None of it is worth keeping. 这东西一点儿也不值得保存。They merit praising. 他们值得表扬()。说明：从搭配上看，be worth 和 merit 后只能跟动名词，不能跟不定式；而 deserve 后则通常是接不定式的。如：They deserved to be congratulated. 他们值得祝贺。She deserved to win because she was the best. 她有资格获胜，因为她是最优

35、秀的。只有当它后面所接动词具有被动意义时才可用动名词，且要用主动形式表示被动意义；此时若改成不定式，则要用被动形式。如：我认为他的文章不值一读。I dont think his article deserves reading.=I dont think his article deserves to be read. 三、“超越”型这类介词主要有 past, beyond 等，它们均表示“超越”“在之外”，它们后接动名词通常用主动形式表示被意义。如：He is past saving. 他已无法挽救了。The pain was almost past bearing. 疼得简直受不了啦。Th

36、e problem is past understanding. 这个问题无法理解。Such hardships are beyond bearing. 这样的苦是不堪忍受的。过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同，即过去分词在被动的同时，还表示完成，而现在分词被动式在被动的同时，还表进行。Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年，已有五百多年的历史。Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?但有时它们也可表示相同的意思

37、。如：Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别：Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室，我们就离开了。(有一种急促感)