如何确定论文材料题目.doc

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1、硕士论文的选题论文写作的过程一般可分为五个阶段：1.选题；2.收集资料；3.分析资料、构思、制定提纲；4.撰写初稿；5.修改和定稿。一、选题1选择一个笼统的题目这个题目应该是你既感兴趣又对其有一定了解的题目。对这个题目你应该已有一些想法，而这些想法值得你去进一步探讨、研究，进而将其扩展为一篇论文。2. 阅读与思考应该尽量多读书，以求得到自己所需要的资料。在阅读的过程中还要不断地给自己提出问题：你头脑中的那个题目是否已有人做过较为深入的探讨？你是否能从新的角度、新的侧面来进一步拓展此题目，提出有创见性的论点？如果你的回答是肯定的，你就可以迈出下一步。否则，你就应该及时地放弃这个题目。3缩小题目范

2、围将题目的范围缩小到某几个方面，使其有可能成为一篇论文的题目。4. 确定最后的题目最后选定的题目应符合以下几项要求：1） 选定的题目本身应该是有意义的，而且是严肃的。你的分析必须有见地、有深度。一篇科研论文应该能引起读者的思考，应该使读者读后有所收获。2） 选定的题目应该是你力所能及的。3） 选定的题目应该有足够的资料供参阅。论文中所表述的观点或看法应该建立在对各种资料的分析的基础之上。如果你只能找到一两本或一两篇与你的论文题目有关的书籍或文章，如果你只是从这一点资料中得出结论，那么你所做出的结论很可能依据不足。4） 选定的题目应该是可供客观研究使用的。5） 选题不应该是当前最热门却又无法下定

3、论的题目。如果你选定的题目太大，无法写深写透，你就应该设法缩小它的范围，为自己的论文找到一个恰当的焦点。选题的过程是一个从大题目中发现小题目的过程。举例说明： General: The American Civil War Restricted: Causes of the Victory of the North More restricted: The Support Given to the Union Army by the People The topic chosen: Black Soldiers in the Union General: Elizabethan Drama R

4、estricted: Shakespeares Tragedies More restricted: Hamlet The topic chosen: On Hamlets Insanity二、收集资料论文题目确定之后，紧接着的一步便是收集资料。收集资料应当贯穿整个论文写作过程。1使用图书馆，列出阅读书单2阅读3做笔记4. Acknowledge your sources. Avoid plagiarism.三、分析资料、构思、制定提纲1确定论点收集到足够的资料以后，下一步就是要把这些资料组合成一个统一而联贯的整体，同时要为自己的论文提出论点。一篇论文的论点通常是一句话，阐明论文作者对自己所研

5、究的论题进一步定位定向的过程，从而确保自己在论文提纲的制定和论文的撰写过程中不偏离主题。2制定提纲论文提纲主要有两种形式。一种是短语提纲-提纲中的大小标题都用短语表述；第二种是整句提纲-提纲中的大小标题都用完整的句子来表述。整句提纲的表达可能更清楚些，因为它可以清楚地显示出你的论文是如何一步一步地接近你的结论的。The research paper is based on a systematic investigation of materials found in a library. This section provides instructions about the way to

6、assemble materials from sources and to document them with footnotes. Choose a subject which interests you. Limit it to manageable size.Your subject should allow you to use the library extensively, think for yourself, and come to a significant conclusion which will be of interest to your reader. Abov

7、e all, it should engage your attention so that you enjoy reading and thinking about it and writing it up for others.Begin by choosing a general subject area.If you have long had a particular interest, it may be your starting point: photography, perhaps; or literature; or painting; or architecture. I

8、f nothing comes to mind, start with a list of broad areas, such as the following, decide on one you like, and then focus on a limited aspect of it.Limit your subject adequately.Suppose you have chosen photography as your general area. After a little thought and reading and a look at the card catalog

9、 of the library, you will see that this is too broad a topic for one paper. So you may begin by narrowing it to color photography, or aerial photography, or the history of photography. Any of these topics could be further restricted: for example, The Effect of Color Photography on Advertising, or Ae

10、rial Photography in World War II, or Matthew Brady: Photographer of the Civil War. Still further limitation may be desirable, depending on the length of your paper and the resources of your library.Avoid inappropriate subjects. Beware of subjects highly technical, learned, or specialized. Only a spe

11、cialist can handle modem techniques in genetic research or experimental psychology. Avoid topics that do not lead to a wide range of source materials. If you find that you are using one or two sources exclusively, the fault may be with your methodor with your topic. For example, a process topic (how

12、 to do something) does not lend itself to library investigation. Instead of writing on How to Ski, a student might harness, an interest in skiing to a study of the effect of skiing on some industry or region in the United States:Become acquainted with the reference tools of the library and use them

13、to compile a working bibliography.Certain guides to knowledge are indispensable to library investigation. From them you can compile a working bibliography, a list of publications which contain material on your subject and which you plan to read. The items on this list should have only the authors na

14、me, the title, and the information you need in order to find the source in the library.Locate source materials, read, evaluate, and take notes.Before you begin to take notes, it is a good idea to do some broad preliminary reading in an encyclopedia or in other general introductory works. Try to get

15、a general view, a kind of map of the territory within which you will be working.These headings may not be final. You should always be ready to delete, add, and change headings as you read and take notes. At this stage, the final order of headingsthe outline - may be neither possible nor necessary.At

16、 an early stage in research it is not always possible to know exactly what information is needed. Photocopy some of the longest passages, and then you can study them and digest them during the writing of the first draft of the paper. Do not copy so many passages that you leave too much of the thinki

17、ng until the last moment, but make enough duplicates to prevent constant returns to the same books in the library.When writing your paper, you may either quote directly, or paraphrase. Quoting and paraphrasing may be combined on a single note card, as in the card at the bottom of page 281. It is mos

18、t important to use quotation marks accurately when writing the note, to use your own words when not quoting, and to transfer quotations and quotation marks from card to paper with scrupulous care.Any single card should contain notes from only one source, and all the notes on any single card should b

19、e about one single topic, such as James Thurbers subjects on the cards above. This will give you maximum flexibility in organizing materials as the plan of the paper takes shape. Arrange the cards by topic before you write the paper.The accuracy of your paper depends to a great extent on the accurac

20、y of your notes. Indicate on each card the source, the page numbers, and an appropriate subject heading.Note taking is not a mere mechanical process; it involves interpretation and evaluation. Two persons writing on the same subject and using the same sources would not be likely to take quite the sa

21、me notes, and their papers would differ accordingly in content and organization.Construct an outlineNo step in the writing of a research paper is more important than the working out of a good outline. The purpose of an outline is not to hold you rigidly to a preconceived form but to enable you to th

22、ink through your topic and organize it logically and interestingly before you begin to write. Writing too soon is the most common of all flaws in composing a research paper. The outline may therefore be the most important single step in the process. After you have worked out a tentative outline, stu

23、dy it carefully to be sure that you have included all the major points you wish to make and that you have arranged them so that your discussion will flow rationally from one to the other.If you have taken the time and effort to complete a full and effective outline, you will find that the writing of

24、 the paper itself will go much quicker and smoother and that the result will be a unified discussion. See the model outline on page 297.Acknowledge your sources. Avoid plagiarism.Acknowledge your indebtedness to others by giving full details of sources in footnotes and bibliography. Using others wor

25、ds and ideas as if they were your own is a form of stealing called plagiarism.Some of the principles of quoting and paraphrasing have already been discussed under the topic of taking notes (48d). They must be kept in mind during the writing and revision of the paper. Finally, quotations and paraphra

26、ses should be carefully checked for accuracy after the paper is written.All direct quotations must be placed in quotation marks and acknowledged in your text.If you are writing a documented paper, specific details of the citation must be completed in a footnote. Even when you take only a phrase or a

27、 single unusual word from a passage, you should enclose it in quotation marks. You may quote words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or even whole paragraphs. Generally you should quote a sentence or a paragraph only when a writer has phrased something especially well and when you need to supply all the

28、 information given. Do not quote excessively. A sequence of quotations strung together with a few words of your own is not satisfactory. Excessive quoting indicates that you have not properly digested your sources, thought about the ideas, and learned to express them in your own words and to relate

29、them to your own ideas.All paraphrases and citations must be acknowledged. Credit a source when you cite ideas or information from it even when you do not quote directly- Altering the wording does not make the substance yours. An acknowledgment not only gives proper credit but also lends authority t

30、o your statement. Whenever you consult a source or a note card as you write, you are probably paraphrasing, and you probably need an acknowledgment.In paraphrasing you are expressing the ideas of another writer in your own words. A good paraphrase preserves the sense of the original, but not the for

31、m. It does not retain the sentence patterns and merely substitute synonyms for the original words, nor does it retain the original words and merely alter the sentence patterns. It is a genuine restatement. Invariably it should be briefer than the source. In the example below, notice the difference b

32、etween a satisfactory and an unsatisfactory paraphrase:If the source has stated the idea more concisely than you can, you should quote, not paraphrase.Do not make use of extended paraphrases. If a good many of your paragraphs are simply long paraphrases, your reader will assume that even your organization is taken from someone else, concluding that you have not assimilated your materials and thought independently about themin short, that you have not done an acceptable piece of original work.