2022年英文文献翻译借鉴 .pdf

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1、毕 业 设 计（英文翻译）译文内容Rethinking of Some Issues Regarding Ethnic Tourism under Modern Linguistic Environment（关于民俗旅游在现代语言环境中一些问题的思考）译文出处International Business and Management Vol. 1, No. 1. 2010, pp. 107-113 系别：经济管理学院专业：旅游管理班级：T863-2 学生姓名：刘素君学号：20080630234 指导教师：郭磊名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - -

2、- - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 2 Rethinking of Some Issues Regarding Ethnic Tourism under Modern Linguistic Environment By: LI Wei , LIU Dan of International Business and Management ，Vol. 1, No. 1. 2010, p. 107-113 Abstract: The issue of ethnic tourism presently ha

3、s officially entered the vision as well as the linguistic environment of the authoritative tourism research institutes in China. Regardless of plentiful highlighted unsatisfactory issues in ethnic tourism development, overall however appropriately developed and effectively controlled ethnic tourism

4、will be beneficial to the protection of traditional cultures. The paper believes ethnic tourism should be recognized and it is neither considerate nor objective to totally repudiate ethnic tourism positive effects in ethnic regions simply because of some issues occurred. This paper proposes author s

5、 own views countering some important issues in ethnic tourism studies. Key words: ethnic tourism; authenticity; positive effect INTRODUCTION The “Commercialization” introduced by tourism has caused ethnic cultural heritage “Tradition decay”, which generates widespread incitement in general public. T

6、he radical trend of ethnic tourism development and the growing ethnic culture protection enthusiasm cause increasingly evident conflicts between tourism development and cultural protection, and the discussion and disputes regarding ethnic culture protection and tourism development have thereby caugh

7、t peoples more and more attention.In view of Chinas tourism development practice, there are indeed plenty of highlighted issues, for instance there is severe tendency to cater tourism consumers in ethnic tourism regions,“ Performance-dominating ” demonstrating method has been taken in tourism develo

8、pment, and some ethnic cultures have been demonstrated through vulgar or superficial approaches, causing the crisis of ethnic culture commercialization. Western scholars once described this phenomenon as “Culture without depth ” and “Disney ” and McDonalds tourisms, believed if things go like these,

9、 it could lead to the gradual exhaustion of cultural 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 3 symbols themselves in terms of aesthetics and spiritual needs as well, and community residents also lose cultural creation motivations,

10、and the ultimate result will cause ethnic culture to be assimilated, or disappear. Most western anthropologists once believed that tourists entering to ethnic communities mean a soft of cultural colonization, and tourism development totally exerts negative effects on ethnic community cultures. With

11、constant in-depth study however the attitude of mainstream western anthropologists has changed to believing “Tourism is a kind of acculturation and development pattern”. Yet sociologists and economists conclude from their studies “Positive perspective in general ”.This is the process to gradually re

12、cognize that tourism exerts the effects of “Associated ” instead of“Causal ” relation to society and cultures, and it meanwhile makes more people treat the effects of tourism on society and cultures from “V alue neutrality” point of view, so as to objectively analyze these effects and implement rela

13、ted culture protection strategy . The author believes that ethnic tourism development deserves to be recognized, and it is neither considerate nor objective to totally repudiate ethnic tourisms positive effects in ethnic regions simply because of some issues occurred. Indeed, we need a proactive for

14、ward-looking vision and have certain judgement on passive impacts from destinations, and proactively protect and develop. It however needs to avoid exaggerating the passive impacts of tourism on ethnic cultures. Overall, appropriately developed and effectively controlled ethnic tourism will be benef

15、icial to the protection of traditional cultures. I talk about some of my own points of view countering some key issues in ethnic tourism study in the following. 1. THE ISSUE OF ETHNIC TOURISM IN MODERN LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT CAN NOT BE IGNORED We by no means ignore the issue of ethnic tourism in mod

16、ern linguistic environment while discussing ethnic cultural tourism development. Under the strong shock of global information age, even if there are no tourists to enter certain ethnic regions, the modernization process there as well can not be avoided. Modernization is the inevitable existing patte

17、rn of traditional cultures, and thereby there is no issue of taking or rejecting modernization at all. It is both impossible and unnecessary to protect ethnic traditional cultures by means of “totally retaining their original tastes and flavors”. It is well known that tourism occurs in the 名师资料总结 -

18、- -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 4 “Contact areas ” between local society and modern society . In social intersection the allcultures from various places experience a continuous recreation process through a spread and blending proces

19、s. The one-sided viewpoint that considers tourism as the “Executioner” causing ethnic cultures from changes to death is not objective. There are plenty of reasons generating ethnic culture variations, and some of ethnic cultures even had varied before tourism appeared and tourism is not supposed to

20、be the “Scapegoat ”. What we concern is whether protect ethnic cultures as rare tourism resources or let ethnic cultures lose their original significance to self-fit in so as to achieve modernization? Author believes that it is both incorrect and unachievable to regard a local traditional culture as

21、 a certain pure and static matter and as well isolate it from current world system. Current Chinas tourism industry development trend is entering a new round of strong growing period, and stepping to the largest domestic tourism market worldwide. We currently propose the goal to let GDP per capita i

22、n 2020 be four times as much as that in 2000. What does this mean to tourism development? This will be the unprecedented opportunity of tourism development. GDP per capita in China reached $856 in 2000, and predictively reaches $3500 in 2020. Based on the practice from advanced tourism countries, wh

23、en GDP per capita of a country reaches the amount between $3000 and $3500, the country will enter the explosive tourism-spending growth period. Under such modern linguistic environment, the rapid public tourism growth will inevitably influence the tourism development in ethnic regions, and the fact

24、can not be avoided. 2. THE ISSUE OF RESEARCHERS STANDPOINTSThe first voice is from tourism sector: Promote ideas of “win -win” and “Get both at the same time ”and advocate “Sound interactive development ” between cultural heritage protection and cultural tourism utilization. And the second one is fr

25、om cultural circle: Some heritage damage phenomena caused by tourism are shocking, and the angry voice from heritage protection aspect is: “Tourism is the number onekiller of culture”. The first voice is gentle and fair and seeks the way out for tourism to get out of the trouble in its development,

26、and it is primarily based on tourism. The second one comes with deep hatred and resentment, expressing the worry about the damages and destruction suffered by cultural heritage, and it is 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 5 m

27、ainly from cultural heritage point of view. These two types of voices reflect the difference from different focusing points, and refract there is “opposition” between heritage protection and tourism development in positioning sense. For this issue, as early as 1980s, Yu Guangyuan, while discussing t

28、ourism belongs to economy or culture in academic circles, once said: Tourism is both a culture cause with strong economic characteristics and an economic cause with strong cultural characteristics. Afterwards, Sun Shangqing, when organizing the study on China tourism economy development strategy , p

29、roposed: tourism belongs toeconomic-cultural industry when growing into a certain stage and will be cultural-economic industry when developing into the mature stage. In view of study standpoint, author s opinions are: to a large extent, ethnic culture protection rather refracts scholars values inste

30、ad of from the ethnic traditional culture itself, and it examines the issue of ethnic entity from their own visions. As the outsiders of modern society , scholars, based on their lifestyle comparison and the love on the cultures from other lands and nationalities insist that traditional heritage can

31、 not be changed, and this point sometimes even comes from their own needs rather what community residents want. Ethnic culture does not just meet the needs of others and outsiders, it first is supposed to belong to the local community of its own. Scholars studies and criticisms need to take the self

32、-section of local nationality as the top priority and respect these insiders wishes, and thereby can not put their own words into the insiders mouths, and as well make the selections of developing or non-developing as well as changing or non-changing on insiders behalf. The scholars sometimes play a

33、 judge role, make conclusion on the life of study object from their own points of view, and replace the insiders to select. As a matter of fact community residents however have the right to select their own lifestyles and cultures. As for various nationalities, the more we let them develop and parti

34、cipate, the more they will select the traditions belong to their own. Otherwise, due to propaganda and separation there will be more loss and fragmentation in traditions, nationalities even get more helpless and confused on their own positions and prospects. 3. THE ISSUE OF HOW TO DEFINE TOURISM AUT

35、HENTICITY As long as talking about the effects of modernization power on ethnic traditional cultures, 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 6 it is inevitably to talk about the issue of culture authenticity. Some scholars believe

36、 that ethnic traditions and ethnic cultures showed in cultural demo points are not authentic, and they are at most the “Performance stage authenticity”after decorating and processing. All people normally believe that tourists seek for culture authenticity and folklore highlights folk-custom inherita

37、nce and patterns and both of them hope to demonstrate or reveal the current primary living modes of local residents, instead of the current state showed for tourists and others only. In other word, this opinion regarding authenticity is: only historical existence is authentic folk-custom and only th

38、e culture consistent with social mode is authentic. How to treat the authenticity issue in ethnic tourism after all? The author believes that what the most important in the discussion of tourism authenticity is the authentic level of tourists experience instead of sightseeing spots and true situatio

39、ns in sightseeing areas. Although there is an existing issue regarding “Performance stage authenticity”, tourists are aware to a large extent. We can not demand tourists to conduct complete and in-depth understanding on what thy visit like the field investigations from anthropologists. Some critics

40、may say tourists understanding on hosts society has been misled by “Middleman”, causing the understanding on “Partial authenticity” actually. Yet partial authenticity is not social authenticity and something it is the cutoff of social authenticity. All of these however can not impede the authentic f

41、eelings of tourists in tourism activities, yet these feelings can not be replaced by any rational analysis. Foreign scholars Edward ? Bond believes that there is no significant difference between original “Tradition ” and reproduced “Tradition”, and any intention to keep authenticity is meaningless.

42、 Since first the factors such as tourists tourism motivations, psychology, value orientations, aesthetic ideas, and education levels as well as age and gander are vastly different. For experts and scholars, culture can only be authentic by fully retaining its original characteristics. For most of re

43、gular tourists however cultural authenticity depends on their experience as well as the tourism feelings they hope to get. Most of tourists will not seek deeper authenticity . And what the most tourists seek is a type of relative authenticity, or thedifference level of the culture they experience fr

44、om tourism and their original living environment. Tourism is supposed to bring tourists a kind of authentic experience rather authentic noumenon. Second, culture is dynamically changing, and authenticity is therefore relative to time. Ethnic traditional cultures do not freeze all the time and they a

45、re rather a dynamic, flowing, and open system. They used to be brand new when created in the history, 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 7 and therefore must change with history growth. Since traditional cultures do not mean a

46、dvanced cultures and excellent cultures, and plenty of them are the product of old age and they own have certain defects and can not fit in modernization growth. Something old and backward is unnecessarily authentic yet something modern and advanced is unnecessarily untrue. The view to stress on eth

47、nic culture purity one-side is not consistent with cultural development law. Plentiful experienced tourists laugh at such performance stage authenticity, sometimes however this type of creation of recreation opportunities may turn into the foundation of culture revitalization, and will own their spo

48、ntaneous authenticity over the time and as well can be reused by their creators. As for tourism authenticity, plenty of scholars once proposed their own unique opinions such as the front stage and back stage theory form US social anthropologist MacCannell, the new mode of “Front stage, curtain, and

49、backstage ” for ethnic cultural protection and tourism development proposed by Chinese tourism planning expert Yang Zhenzhi, and the view of “Cultural Firewall” from Tourism Planning Center of Peking University. Yet scholar Van Den Berg discovered that local residents who turn into the main body of

50、tourism during tourism contacts might clearly find that their cultural heritage parts favored by tourists not only can be demonstrated in various non-authentic modes in front stage t o meet tourisms needs, but also can be regrouped into the back stage and become the symbol of clear, authentic ethnic