2022年英国文学史及选读第一册.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 英国文学史选读第一册Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period449-1066 The literature : The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan异教徒文学 and Christian基督徒文学 Form: Alliterative verse The coming of Christianity meant not simply a new life and leader for England; it meant a

2、lso the wealth of a new language.Caedmon开德蒙 wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.The great epic The Song of Beowulf : The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed Englands national epic and its hero Beowulfone of national heroes of the English people.Part II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD 1066-1350 Backgroun

3、d : the Normans headed by William, defeated the Anglo-Saxon.The literature: The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon language.Literary work: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Term explanation: Romanc

4、e传奇: Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - knight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance: love, religion, chivalry. It involves figh

5、ting and adventures.Part III GEOFFREY CHAUCER 1340.-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, the “ father of English poetry” and one of the greatest s creative work vividly reflected the narrative poets of England. Chaucerchanges which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the 14th century.Chaucer c

6、hose the metrical form格律诗 which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. And also found the London dialect as the English literary language. Works: The Canterbury Tales Term explanation: Popular Ballads：The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. Ballads

7、are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth line rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families. Bishop Thomas was among the first to take a liter

8、ary interest in ballads. There are various kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. The paramount ballad is Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale . Comments on Robin Hood: Robin Hood is a partly historical and partly 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - l

9、egendary character. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in William Langland The Vision of Piers, the Plowman.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. His hatred for the cruel oppressors is the result of

10、his love for the poor and downtrodden. Works: Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale Get up and Bar the Door Sir Patrick SpensPART IV THE RENAISSANCE1485-1603 lyrical poetry an age of drama and The 16thcentury in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundation

11、s of capitalism.Term explanation: Renaissance: 1 renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14thcentury to the 17thcentury. With the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of nation culture known as

12、the Renaissance. The term renaissance originally indicated a revival of classicalGreek and Roman arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义 . The greatest of 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespear

13、e.2 Theme: the expression of secular values with man instead of God as the center of the universe. It emphasizes the dignity of man, values of man.3 Two major types: drama and lyrical poetry.It affirms the earthly achievement, manpleasure.Works: 1. Thomas More: humanist, s desire for happiness and u

14、topia give a profound and truthful picture of the people sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.2. Francis Bacon: scientist and philosopher; his works may be divided onto three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professional essays 3. Thomas Wyatt: the first to

15、 introduce the sonnet into English literature. 4. Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen5. John Lyly:Eupheus; gave rise to the term “ euphuism ” , 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - designating an affected style of court speech.6. Christopher Marlowe: the greatest pioneers of English

16、drama; made bland verse the principal vehicle expression in drama.7. Robert Greene: George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield 8. William Shakespeare: one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.Hamlet Hamlet is considered to be the summit

17、of Shakespeare art. The whole tragedy is permeated with the spirit of Shakespeare own time. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare criticism of contemporary life. PART V THE 17TH CENTURY humanism and his THE PERIOD OF REVOLUTION AND RESTORATION Literary characteristics in this period: T

18、he 17thcentury was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.1The Puritan influence: medieval standard of chivalry, the impossible love and romances perished.

19、The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry. The Bible became now the one book of the 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - people.2 the exaggeration of the “ metaphysical” poetsPoetry took new and startling forms. Prose became somb

20、er. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so-called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisite workmanship, and one great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people-John Milton.3 The French influence is most marked in the drama. Rim

21、ed couplets instead of blank verse; The unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation rather than individual; The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.4 restoration created a literature of its own, that was often

22、witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy those chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.John Donne: His prose style, involuted and o

23、rnate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Song “ Go and Catch a Falling Star” A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning Sonnet: Death be not proud John Milton: poet, Puritan

24、, fight for human rights; in 1652 became totally blind.Paradise Lost: it is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race-Adam and Eve, and involves God and his views in an eternal adversary, Satan in its plot. It presents the author allegoric religious form, and the re

25、ader will easily discern its basic idea-the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.Sonnet: On His Deceased Wife John Bunyan: spiritual independence, gave us the only great allegory. He was imprisoned for preaching without a license.The PilgrimProgress: written i

26、n old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.Bunyan speaks in terse, idiomatic prose, and his characters are living men and women. PART VI THE 18TH CENTURY an age of prose and novelTHE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLAND名师归纳总结 The theme: social reality, common peoples life.第 7 页,共 12 页- - - - -

27、- -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The enormous amount of eighteenth century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, gossip.Enlightenment: on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class i

28、nequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. The problem of man comes to the fore, superseding all other problems in literature.1.

29、Joseph Addison, Richard Steele: the publishers of a moralistic journal The Tatler and The Spectator These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers, and also brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and

30、 wholesome.The essays and stories of Addison and Steele, devoted not only to social problems, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to the development of the 18th century novel.Sir Roger 是 Joseph Addison塑造的经典形象；2.Alexander Pope: “ whatever is, is right.存在即是合理 ” highest authority i

31、n matters of literature. He elaborated certain regulations for 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the style of poetical works and made popular the so-called heroic coupletsfive foot iambics rhymed in couplets 3.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔 .笛福 Robinson Crusoe: this book was one of the fore

32、runners of the English 18thcentury realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong p

33、aused to give his style an immediate quality, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity. 明朗 4.Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特1）He was the most outstanding of the epoch of Enlightenment, and the most remarkable satirist 讽刺

34、家in the 18thcentury who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic 贵族的 society of his age with mercy.宽容, he supports the conservative Tory. He ruthlessly exposed the dirty mercenary essence of bourgeois relationships.2）works:the tale of a tub 木桶的故事 is a satire on religion.GulliverTravels 格列弗游记：he typ

35、ified the bourgeois world, drew ruthlessly pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - portrayed the whole of English State system. The plot of the book comprises the extraordinary adventures of Gulliver, descriptions of fantastic lan

36、ds visited by him, their social systems, ways and customs of their inhabitants.A modest proposal 一个小小的建议： is made to English government to relieve the poverty of Irish people ；剧烈声讨了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫；The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swiftgreat sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of

37、Ireland and his anger at English landlords. 5.Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 ：the greatest novelist of the 18th century. works ：Joseph Andrews first novel Jonathan Wild 乔纳森.威尔德 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon Amelia 阿米莉亚 Henry Fielding is direct, vigorous, hi

38、larious and coarse to the point of vulgarity. He is full of animal spirits, he tells story of a vagabond life, not for the sake of moralizing, or for emphasizing a forced repentance, but simply because it interests him, and his only concerns is “ to laugout of their folliesSo his story, though it ab

39、ounds in unpleasant incidents, generally leaves the reader with the strong impression of reality.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 6.Thomas Gray 托马斯 .格雷： 浪漫主义运动的先驱；work ：Elegy written in a country churchyard 墓园挽歌：表达了对农民贫苦遭受的怜悯,歌颂了他们的纯朴品质；7.Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗 .歌尔德斯密斯 ：He was

40、 born in Ireland. As an essayist散文家, he is among the best in the century. As a poet, he makes the riming couplets英雄双行体 prose.Works:as natural and simple as his novel：the Vicar of Wakefield 维克菲德尔的牧师 comedy: She Stoops to Conquer委曲求全 essay: The Citizen of the World世界公民 poems: The Traveler 旅行者 and The

41、Deserted Village.荒村8.Richard Brinsley Sheridan Works: The Rivals对手理查德 .布林斯里 .谢里丹：The School for Scandal造谣学校：The Critic 9.William Blake Of all the romantic poets of the eighteenth century, Blake is the most independent and the most original. Blake is called a pre-romantic or a forerunner of the Roman

42、tic poetry of the 19th century.Works:名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Songs of Innocence天真之歌 first show the musical cast of his mind.Songs of Experience体会之歌contrast with The Songs of Innocence They show two contrary states of human souls London The Tiger The Chimney-Sweeper扫

43、烟囱的孩子 10. Robert Burns 罗伯特 .彭斯：the greatest Scottish poets. Under paternal influence he learned how to teach himselfself-improvement. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature, -all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are here; and the heart was touched as it had not been since the days of Elizabeth. Burns poetry is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the Scottish common people works ：My Heart s in the Highlands 我的心呀在高原 ,John Anderson, My Jo A Red, Red Rose To a Mouse Auld Lang Syne名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 12 页