2022年英语语法基本知识名词短语.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句Noun Clauses ）；名词从句的功能相当于名词词组 , 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此依据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为 同位语从句；一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词： that （无任何词意）主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和whether,if（均表示 “是否 ”说明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though （均表示“似乎 ”, “似乎 ”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词

2、：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why 不行省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不行省略；That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较：whether与 if 均为 是否 的意思；但在以下情形下,whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句3. w

3、hether 从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有 or not Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it 充当形式主语；It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二 . 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句；主语从句通常由从属连词that , whether , if 和连接代词 what ,who ,which ,whatever,whoever 以及连接副词 how , when ,where

4、, why 等词引导；that 在句中无词义,只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分；例如：名师归纳总结 What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,仍不清晰；第 1 页,共 11 页Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场竞赛仍不得而知；- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思It is known to us how he became a writer.

5、 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的；Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举办,仍没有宣布；有时为防止句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末；主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式；常用句型如下：（ 1 ）It + be + 名词 + that 从句（ 2 ） It + be + 形容词 + that 从句（ 3 ） It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that 从句（ 4 ） It + 不及物动词 + that 从句另留意在主语从句中用

6、来表示诧异、不信任、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“ should +do”,常用的句型有：It is necessary important, na tural, strange, etc. that It is a pity a shame, no wonder, etc. that It is suggested requested, proposed, desired, etc. that 三、宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句；引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语；1. 由连接词 that 引导的宾

7、语从句由连接词 that 引导宾语从句时,that 在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时 ,其次个分句前的 that 不行省；例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告知我他明天要去上海；We must never think that we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好；留意：在 demand 、 order 、 suggest 、 decide 、 i

8、nsist, desire, request, command 等表示要求、命令、建议、打算等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“（ should ） + 动词原形 ”；例如：I insist that she should do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作；The commander ordered that troops should set off at once. 司令员命令部队立刻动身；2. 用 who ,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever,whatever, whichever等关联词引导

9、的宾语从句相当于特别疑问句,应留意句子语序要用陈述语序；例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告知了你什么；She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮忙的人,她都会赐予热忱的支持；3. 用 whether 或 if

10、引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的次序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序；此外,whether 与 if 在作 “是否 ”的意思讲时在以下情形下一般只能用 whether ,不用 if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“ or not ”时； e. 后接动词不定式时；例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个好玩的问题；The question is whether she should have a low opinion of t

11、he test.Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱；I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来仍是不来；Can you tell me whether to go or to stay. 你能否告知我是去仍是留？4. 留意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句依据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态；例如：he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）he studied English last term. （从句用

12、一般过去时）I know that he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would 除外）,从句就要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,就从句仍用现在时态；例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose 等等动词引起的否定

13、性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式；即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中；例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这；I dont believe he will do so. 我信任他不会这样做；四、表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句；引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用 as if 引导；其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that 从句；例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的；事实是我们已经输

14、了这场竞赛；名师归纳总结 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在；第 3 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思That is why he didn t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因；It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了；需要留意的,当主语是 reason 时,表语从句要用 that 引导而不是 because ；例如：The reason why he was l

15、ate was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【留意】 whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的 if 却通常不用于引导表语从句；五、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的详细内容；同位语从句通常由 that 引导, 可用于同位语从句的名词有 advice 、 demand 、 doubt 、 fact 、 hope 、 idea 、 information、 message 、 news 、 order 、 problem 、 promise 、 question、 request 、 suggestion、

16、truth、 wish 、 word 等；例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场竞赛的消息令人兴奋；I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来；The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了；同位语从句和定语从句的区分：that 作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that 引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一

17、般不能省略；试比较下面两个例句 : I had no idea that you were here （ that 引导同位语从句,不能省略）Have you got the idea （ that ） this book gives you of life in ancient Greece ？（ that 引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略）六、名词性 that- 从句1）由从属连词 that 引导的从句叫做名词性 that- 从句；That 只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义；名词性 that- 从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如：主语

18、： That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他仍活着全靠运气；宾语： John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去；表语： The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思同位语： The fact that he has not been seen

19、 recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室全部的人担心；形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作中意我感到很兴奋；2） That- 从句作主语通常用 it 作先行词,而将 that- 从句置于句末,例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清晰,整个方案注定要失败；Its a pity that you should have to leave. 你

20、非走不行真是件憾事；用 it 作形式主语的 that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + be +形容词 + that- 从句It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显 b. It + be + -ed 分词 + that- 从句It is believed that 人们信任 It is known to all that 从所周知 It has been decided that 已打算 c. It + be + 名词 + that- 从句It is common knowl

21、edge that 是常识It is a surprise that 令人诧异的是 It is a fact that 事实是 d. It +不及物动词 + that- 分句It appears that 似乎 It happens that 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 七、名词性 wh- 从句1）由 wh- 词引导的名词从句叫做名词性 wh- 从句； Wh- 词包括 who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever 等连接代词和 where, when, how, why 等连接副词；

22、Wh- 从句的语法功能除了和 that- 从句一样外,仍可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如：主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人；直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲；间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读

23、而精思表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位；宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她兴奋给他起什么名字就取什么名字；同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来；形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能确定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请；介词宾语：That depends on where we

24、shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿；2） Wh- 从句作主语也常用先行词it 做形式主语,而将wh- 从句置于句末,例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.仍没打算谁做这项工作；It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依旧不明；八、 if, whether 引导的名词从句1） yes-no 型疑问从句从属连词 if, whether 引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或挑选疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为 yes-no 型疑问句从句和挑选型疑问从句,其功能和 wh-

25、从句的功能相同,例如：主语： Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一方案是否可行仍有等证明；宾语： Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完；表语： The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应当借钱给他；hy.同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man

26、is trustwort他们调查他是否值得信任；whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑形容词宾语：Shes doubtful 我们是否能够前来；介词宾语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担忧他是否能度过疾病的危急期；2）挑选性疑问从句挑选性疑问从句由关联词 if/whether or 或 whether or not 构成,例如：Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告知我他们是瑞

27、典人仍是丹麦人；名师归纳总结 I dont care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜爱该方案；第 6 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思if 和 whether 的区分：1、在动词不定式之前只能用 whether ；如：例 8 I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能打算是否留下；2、在 whether or not 的固定搭配中；如：例 9 I want to know whether it s good news

28、or not . 我想知道是否是好消息；3 、在介词后,只能用whether ；如：he lose his work . 他的父亲担例 10 His father is worried about whether 心是否会失去工作；4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether ；如：Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道；（例 11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作仍是个问题；此例为主语

29、从句,有误,感谢指出）5、用 if 会引起歧义时,只用 whether ；如：例 12 Could you tell me if you know the answer . 这句话有两种意思：“你能告知我是否知道答案吗？”或 “假如你知道答案,请告知我,好吗？”；如用 whether 可防止歧义 . 九、否定转移1 将 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用确定式；I dont think I know you. 我想我并不熟悉你；I don t beli

30、eve he will come. 我信任他不回来；留意：如谓语动词为hope, 宾语从句中的否定词不能转移；I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧；2 将 seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面；It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去；It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气；3 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定；I dont remember having ever

31、 seen such a man.characters o我记得从未见过这样一个人；not 否定动名词短语having Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange n the street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上生疏的人；名师归纳总结 anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式； 第 7 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思4 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前；The ant is not gath

32、ering this for itself alone.否定状语蚂蚁不只是为自己采食；He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. 否定 because 状语 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事；She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. 否定状语 many weeks 她结婚仍不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就观察她了,并对她的美貌着了

33、迷；十、高考热点透视1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. NMET 1995 A. There B. This C. That D. It 答案 D；当名词从句在句中作主语时,为防止句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语从句放在句尾；此时it 只起先行引导作用,本身无实义；此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. 2A computer can

34、 only do _ you have instructed it to do （ NMET2001 ）A how B after C what D when 答案 C；从句子结构可知,句子的空白处应当填引导宾语从句的连词,做主句谓语动词do 的宾语,同时该连接词仍是从句中的do 的宾语,因此,此处的连接词应当用 what ；3. He asked _ for a violin （ MET1992）A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 答案： D；宾语从句相当于特别疑问

35、句,句子语序要用陈述语序；4. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon （上海 20XX 年春季招生）A. when B. how C. whether D. why 答案 C；这是一个表语从句；依据 doubt 一词可知, 所怀疑的应是是否能治好病,所以要填 whether ；这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中复原过来； ” 5It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or

36、she wants. NMET1997 名师归纳总结 A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever ”可以看出后面的从第 8 页,共 11 页答案 B；依据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的；句应是一个宾语从句,而从句中wants 缺少宾语, A. however 和 D. whenever是不- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思能作宾语的；排除A 和 D, whichever表示 “无论哪一个,无论哪些”,应表示肯定范围内的人或物,此处没有涉及事物的范畴,所以

37、应选 Bwhatever,表示 “无论什么 ”；6. _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. MET1988 A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who 答案 C；此题句子的意思是：无论谁最终离开房间肯定要把灯关掉；此题考查连接代词 whoever 引导的名词性从句,连接代词 whoever 可以引导名词性从句,并在从句中作主语,相当于 any person who 或 The person who, 意为 “一切 的人 ”；而 anyone 和 the person 均非连词,不能引导从句

38、,况 who leaves the room last意为 “某个最终离开房间的人”,与题意不符,假如要选 A. Anyone 或 B. The person,都必需在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词 who ；假如要选 D. Who 就体现不出 “无论谁 ”的含义了；7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests. Shanghai1995 A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 答案为 C ；此题句子的意思是：Sarah 期望跟自己有共同爱好的人交伴侣；疑问

39、词+ever 引导的名词性从句与 no matter+ 疑问词引导的从句的区分是：前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；后者只能引导让步状语从句；第一排除 A 和D,从句中需要的是主语,所以 whomever 也不行；8. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that _ you had a few days off . NMET1999 A. why B. what C. when D. where 答案 A；依据语境,甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览；乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的缘由,故答案是 A；答案 B,

40、C, D 均与该题语境不符；依据上句供应的语境,下句应当问“那就是你为什么离开几天的缘由吗？”9. I still remember _ this used to be a quiet village. NMET1993 A. when B. how C. where D. what 答案 A；依据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语,排除 D what ,而答案 C, D 均与题意不符,所以应选 A when ； used to be 表示一种过去存在的状态,本句的意思是“我仍旧记得这里在什么时候是个安静的地方；”10 I read about it in some book or other ,do

41、es it matter _ it was ？（2001 春季招生）A where B what C how D which 答案 D；这是一个主语从句；主语从句中缺少表语；从上句的意思分析,应是哪名师归纳总结 本书,所以要填which ,这句话的意思是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容,是第 9 页,共 11 页哪一本书重要吗？”；11. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C when D.

42、as 20XX年上海 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思答案 B；该题考查that 引导的同位语从句；同位语从句通常由that 引导,接在fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后,用来说明或说明名词的内容；12. I think it is going to be a big problem. Yes, it could be. I wonder _ we can do about it. 北京 2002 春季 A 、if B、 how C、 what D、 that 答案 C；此题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法；wonder 后面应跟宾语从句,而从句中的谓语动词 do 是及物动词,可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分,我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的 if 和 that ,再排除引导方式状语的 how ,答案是 C,句子的意思是 “我们能就此做些什么”；十一、专项考点练习1. _that they found an unusual