2022年语言学知识点概括.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.一般语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言 language Language is a system of ar

2、bitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系；4.识别特点 Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特点是指人类语言区分与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特点；Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性 Duality 双重性 Displacem

3、ent移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions Productivity Animals are quite limited in the m

4、essages they are able to send. Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, bu

5、t we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言才能 Competence Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rule

6、s of his language. 6.语言运用 performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所把握的规章在语言交际中的表达；7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical

7、 development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语 parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 Prescriptive ” correct”

8、 behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should notIt aims to lay down rules for 名师归纳总结 第 1 页,共 15 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、学问点1.language is not an isolate

9、d phenomenon, its a social activity carried out in a certain social environmenhuman beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在肯定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动；2.几种观点和现象的提出者：瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue 和 parole 的区分 U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky 美国语言学家 N.Chomsky in1950 针对 Saussures langue&parole提出 Competence和 performance 曾经

10、对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir-language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Hall-language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrar

11、y symbols. Chomsky-from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett 美国语言学家 Charles Hockett design features 提出了语言的识别特点 3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that

12、linguistics studies not any particular language. Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只讨论一种特定的语言；4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts. 5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so its hardly possi

13、ble for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判定题6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages. 最先引起语言学家留意的是语 言的发音；三、问答题1.what are major branches of linguistics. what does each study. Phonetics-it s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, its con

14、cerned with that occur in the worlds languages. Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology- It a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are

15、 formed. Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics-It s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguisticsthe study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguisti

16、cs-the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 2.why do we say language is arbitrary. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the

17、 sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bou

18、nd up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of language is name would smell as a rose by any other 名师归纳总结 第 2 页,共 15 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思sweet . 3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar. Modern linguistics

19、 is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date. 现代语言学是描述性的,其讨论以的确牢靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础；traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的,讨论高级书面语；4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic. why Modern linguistics

20、is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的, 重点讨论现代语言； 除非对语言的各种状态都进行胜利的讨论,否就很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述；5.which enjoys priority in modern l

21、inguistics, speech or writings. Speech enjoys for the following reasons: Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 6.how is Saussures distinction between

22、langue and parole similar to Chomskys . Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of lang

23、uage, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 6.the distinction between langue and parole. langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is li

24、nguistics. 什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics 语言学的讨论范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 一般语言学 The study of sounds, which are use

25、d in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形状学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to for

26、m sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of min

27、d is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）The study of applications as the recovery of speech ability is generally known as applied linguistics. （应 用语言学）But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and 名师归纳总结 第 3 页,共 15 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - -

28、 - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学）neurological linguistics, （神 经语言学）mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学） and computational linguistics. （运算机语言学）3/

29、 Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学讨论中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it i

30、s said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, ” or not. whether it is “ correctSynchronic and diachronic 共时和历

31、时 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech and writing are the two major media of communicati

32、on. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the writ

33、ten, and carries a larger load of communication than the written. Langue and parole 语言和言语 The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole r

34、efers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the

35、 subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and performance 语言才能和语言运用s.Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950He defines competence as the ideal user knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He b

36、elieves the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思Chapter Two Phonology 一、定义1.宽式音标 Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标 Narrow transcription T

37、he transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音 Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.浊音 Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cord

38、s are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. 6.辅音 Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction o

39、f the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 7.音位 Phoneme s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. The basic unit in phonology, it8.音位变体 Allophones Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.

40、9.音素 phone A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, its a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 10.最小对立对 Minimal pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words a

41、re said to form a minimal pair. 11.超切分特点 Suprasegmental The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. 12.互补分布 complementary distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme

42、are said to be in complementary distribution. 13.语言的语音媒介 Phonic medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 在人类交际中有着肯定意义、对语言学讨论来说举足轻重；有限的声音是语音媒介；14.爆破音 stops When a obstruction

43、 created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they areb p t d k g 二、学问点 1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the wo

44、rld, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 3.Phonetic 组成Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 longest established, mostly developed 名师归纳总结 Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学第 5 页,共 15 页Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - -

45、- - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思4.articulatoryApparatus /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity咽腔 Oral .口腔 greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal 鼻腔 5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can b

46、e raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. 6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the soundj;the

47、 obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the soundstandd. 7.nasal consonants: m / n / 9. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. 10.Sequential rules例子 If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules: the first phoneme must be /s/ the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w 11.English has f