2022年英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：（一）句子成分1. 主语（ subject）: 句子说明的人或事物；主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任； The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. 数词 Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）

2、It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语,主语从句是真正主语）找出以下句中的主语：Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词）Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式）Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he h

3、as said is true. （句子）2. 谓语（ predicate） : 说明主语的动作、状态和特点；简洁谓语 : 由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill. He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词 +动词 ; He can speak English well. She doesn t seem to like dancing. 找出以下句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语；）：1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this boo

4、k. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. 名师归纳总结 3. 表语（ predicative）: 系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特点；第 1 页,共 9 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four. You dont look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the w

5、all. 介词短语 My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） To wear a flower is to say “ I m poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有 : be, sound（听起来） , look（看起来） , feel 摸起来, smell （闻起来） , taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持,仍是） , feel（感觉） . It sounds a good idea. The sou

6、nd sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. 找出以下句中的表语；1. I am a teacher. 2. They are on the playground. 3. My job is teaching English. 4. It gets cold. 5. It sounds interesting. 4. 宾语： 1）动作的承担者 -

7、及物动词或介词的宾语 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need. We need two. （数词） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said. （宾语从句） 2 ） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake. Under the snow, there

8、 are many rocks. 名师归纳总结 3 ） 双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语. 直接宾语指物或事, 间接宾第 2 页,共 9 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 语指人或动物 . He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：please pass me the book. He bought his girlfriend some flowers. 找出以下句子的宾语部分：1. We often help

9、 him. 2. He likes to play basketball. 3. We enjoy listening to the music. 4. She said that he felt sick. 5. They are talking about the new student. 5. 宾补：对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语；有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,仍要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足,使句子的意义完整；这类常用的及物动词有：We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she di

10、dnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. 副词 Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词）I ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）6. 主补：对主语的补充,全称为主语补足语； He

11、was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 7. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子；名师归纳总结 Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）第 3 页,共 9 页We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The

12、 man over there is my old friend.副词 The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. 介词 The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do.

13、（定语从句）定语后置：假如定语是由一个单词表示时,通常要前置；而由一个词组或一个句子表示时,通常就后置The girl in red is his sister. We have a lot of work to do. The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. Do you know the man who spoke just now. 8. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或句子；表示时间、地点、缘由、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步；（以下例句按上述次序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The

14、meeting will be held in the meeting-room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, h

15、e can do it well. （二）句子结构 简洁句的五个基本句型 1. 主语 不及物动词 She came / My head aches. 2. 主语 及物动词宾语 She likes English. 3. 主语 系动词表语 She is happy 4. 主语 双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 She gave John a book. 5. 主语 宾补动词宾语宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. 名师归纳总结 There +be 句型第 4 页,共 9 页- - - - - -

16、 -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - There are some books on the desk. There lies a book on the desk. Exercises ：分析以下句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece

17、 of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city翻译练习：主谓结构（ 主语 不及物动词）1、你应当努力学习 You should study hard. 2、他昨天晚上很晚回家 She went home very late yesterday evening. 练习：1、 This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤；2、 I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京；主谓宾结构（主语及物动词宾语）1、我昨晚写了一封信 I wrote a letter

18、last night. 2、我今日下午想和你谈谈 I want to talk with you this afternoon. 练习：名师归纳总结 1、 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我们大家都信任Jack 是一个诚恳男孩；第 5 页,共 9 页2、 He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好；主系表结构（主语系动词表语）1. 我的弟弟都是高校生 My brothers are all college students. 2. 在冬天,白天很短夜晚很长 In winter, the days are

19、 short and the nights are long. 3. 布朗女士看上去很健康 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4. 在他 15岁那年他成为了闻名的画家练习： At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 1、树叶已经变黄了；The leaves have turned yellow. 2、这个报告听起来很有意思；The report sounds interesting. 双宾语结构（主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语）1. 强森

20、先生去年叫我们德语 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2. 祖父昨晚给我讲了一个好玩的故事练习：1、 请你给我弄一本新的,好吗？ Grandma told me an interesting story last night. Will you please get me a new copy. 2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi. 复合宾语结构（主语动词 宾语 宾语补足语）1. 我们叫她爱丽丝 We call her Alice. 2. 他父母叫他约翰 His parents named him John.

21、 练习：1、学校定了一条规章,开头上课时同学要起立；The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的；There be 句型 I thought it no use talking with that man 1. 今晚不会开会 There isn t going to be a meeting tonight. 2. 这个村庄里只有一口井 There was only a well in the village. 练习： 1 、铃响了； There go

22、es the bell 2 、一周有七天； There are seven days a week 二、英语句子种类讲解：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 依据句子的用途,英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；依据句子的结构,英语句子可分为简洁句、并列句和复合句；中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、挑选疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；4. 由 what, how 引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区分对于

23、各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述； 一 . 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法1. 陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括确定和否定）的句子；通常用降调,句末用句号“. ” ；The flower isnt beautiful.Tom has a new car. 2. 陈述句否定式的构成1 假如确定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,就只需在这些动词后加not 即可构成否定式；He is playing the guitar.（确定） He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（确定）W

24、e cant get thee before dark.（否定）2 假如陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,就需依据人称和时态在该实义动词前加 dont, doesn t 或 didn t ；同时把该实义动词变为原形； He plays the violin well.（确定）He doesnt play the violin well.（否定） She won the game.（确定）She didn t win the game.（否定）3 假如句子是 there be 结构或谓语动词是 have（有）,除了 be 和 have 之后加 not 之外,句中假如有

25、some要变为 any ；例如：There is some water in th e cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.名师归纳总结 4 除 not 以外,否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句；例如：第 7 页,共 9 页There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - -

26、 - - - - - - I have seen the film. I have never seen the film. 二 . 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、恳求、 建议、 号召等的句子, 谓语动词用原形, 句末用感叹号“ ！ ” 或句号“. ” ；朗读时一般用降调；1. 确定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是 you 时, you 常省略,但假如要特殊强调对方或表达某种剧烈的心情时可以有主语或称呼语；Be quiet. You be quiet. （2）“ Do+祈使句” 表示一种剧烈的感情或恳求,do 起强调作用； Do come back at once. Do be

27、careful. （3）please 用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气, Open the window, please. 但 please 用在句末时, 必需用逗号与其余部分分开；（4）Let 引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称； Let Jack wait a minute. s和 Let usLets go to school.Let us不包括听话者在内；这（5）在祈使句中, Let是有区分的； Lets包括说话者,而点从反意疑问句时可明显看出；Lets go skating, shall we.（表示内部的建议）DontNever+ 动词原形+

28、其他成分”例 Let us try again, will you.（表示向别人发出恳求）2. 否定祈使句通常以Dont 或 Never 开头；其结构通常是：“如：Dont do that again.Never leave todays work for tomorrow.Dont be late next time. 三 . 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、挑选疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑问句：（1）一般疑问句的确定形式名师归纳总结 一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be 动词或 have（有）开头,通常要求以yes,或 no 来回答的第 8 页,共 9 页- - - -

29、 - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调；Do you know Mr. Smith Can you swim. （2）一般疑问句的否定结构在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词 not 放在一般疑问句的主语之后；但假如用 not 的简略形式 - nt ,就须将 - nt 与一般疑问句句首的be, have ,助动词或情态动词写在一起；在实际运用中,一般都采纳简略式；名师归纳总结 Are you not a football fan. Arent you a football fan.如第 9 页,共 9 页Will she not like it. Wont she like it.与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定仍是确定,全由答语的否定或确定来打算；答语是确定的,就用yes 加确定结构；如答语是否定的,就用no 加否定结构；Arent you a football fan. 你不是足球迷吗？ Yes, I am. No, I am not. Wont she like it. Yes, she will. No, she won t.- - - - - - -