2022年高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解3.docx
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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 独立主格一、 独立主格结构的含义和实质“独立主格结构 ”(absolute construction)又叫 “ 独立结构 ”,是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句;由于在语法上有自己的规律主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做 “独立主格结构 ” ;其实,所谓 “独立主格结构 ” 并非真正独立,它仍是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开;二、 独立主格结构的基本形式和功能通常在句中起状语分句的作用;独独立主格结构可以分为两部分:一部分是名词或代词,起规律主语的作用
2、;另一部分是非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语),表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态;基本形式是:名词一般格/ 代词主格 + 现在分词 /过去分词 /不定式 /名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语, with 引导的复合结构;1 名词 / 代词 + 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等;例 The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework h
3、aving been done, Tom went to sleep. 注: “独立结构 ”中的 being 或 having been 有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或 过去分词分句;2 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态;例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldnt see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面
4、两个句子也可以看成省略掉了 变成了现在分词分句;3 名词 / 代词 + 不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作;having been ,being ;假如加上,这两个句子就又例 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession(游行)to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词 /
5、代词 + 名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语;例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger,a stick his only weapon. 5 名词 / 代词 + 形容词短语 形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,缘由等;例 The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident, my hea
6、rt full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了 being, 假如加上,就变成了现在分词分句;6 名词 / 代词 + 副词副词说明前面名词或代词的状态;第 1 页 共 9 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 例 The meeting over , we all went home. Nobody in, he left a message on the board. He sat at the table, head down. 7. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语 介词短语说明相伴前面名词或代词的
7、方式或者状态;例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm. , gun in hand The hunter entered the forest Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away. 8 with 引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms. The teacher came in with several students following behind. With a
8、lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time. With the work done, he went out to eat. He left the office with the lights on. Mary rushed out of the house with the door open. 三、 学习独立主格结构应留意的一些问题 1 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一样 从以上例子我们可以看出,含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一样的,这也是 独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区分;例 1 Hearing
9、the news, he was very excited. 2 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder . 在这两个句子里,第一个句子,前后的主语是一样的,都是 he, 也就是说动词 hear 的 动作发出者是主语 he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示缘由的句子;而其次个句子,我们可以发觉,有两个主语,第一个是动词 come 的规律主语 winter , 而其次个主语是句子 it ,非谓语动词 coming 和 it 之间没有任何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构;真正的主语 2 在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词仍是过去分词一般来说假如规律主语
10、和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词; 如:Time permitting, we will go out to play. 一句中, time 和 permit 之间是规律上的主谓关系“ 时间答应 ”,因此用现在分词;假如规律主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词;如: “ More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中, time 和 give 之间的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思- “假如被给更多时间”,因此用过去分词;3 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句独立主格结构不是一个句子,而是相当于一个状语从句 方式和相伴情形等;,
11、可以表示时间、缘由、条件、例 Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:When the work has been done, John went home. 例 There being no buses, we had to walk home. 相当于一个表示缘由的状语从句:Because there are no buses, we had to walk home. 4 完成时态的运用在独立主格结构中假如强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态 having done , 依据情形确定是用主动仍是被动;例 The last
12、bus having gone, we had to walk home. His wallet having been stolen, he didnt know what to do next. 第 2 页 共 9 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 非谓语动词作状语时, 它的规律主语应当是句子的主语;从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,Absolute Construction );其实,所谓 “独立主格结构 ”也并非真正独立,它仍是一种从属的结构;一、非谓语动
13、词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着规律上的主谓关系;Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later. 之间有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早肯定会胜利的; (such an able man和 to help you 存在着主谓关系)= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later . He seating himself at the desk, his mothe
14、r began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开头给他讲故事;(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的规律主语 he,留意是 “主格 ”)= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校;(lost 的规律主语是the key ,lost 也可以用完成式 having been lost)=
15、 Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A不定式 “独立主格结构 ”在 “规律主语 +动词不定式 ”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着规律上的主谓关系;这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达;1动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着规律上的主谓关系;His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner . 他母亲今晚要来 ,他正在忙着预备饭菜; (= As his mother is
16、to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner .)will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗?sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially cant afford any time. 对不起,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间;( Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really cant afford any time.)The four of us agreed on a d
17、ivision of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一;( The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book. )Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上 许 多的树 , 花 和 草后 , 我们 新建
18、 的 学 校 将看 上 去更 美; =If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. B-ing 形式 “独立主格结构 ”第 3 页 共 9 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 动词的 -ing 形式作状语时,其规律主语一般应与句子的主语保持一样;Being ill, he went home. 由于生病 ,他回家了;( = As he was very ill, he
19、went home.)Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 在课桌旁坐好后,他开头看杂志;read a magazine.)(= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to 1 表示时间的 -ing 形式作 “ 独立主格结构 ”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都预备好后,老师开头上课;(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready The chairman b
20、egan the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后,主席开头开会;(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated)2 表示缘由的 -ing 形式作 “ 独立主格结构 ”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那古怪的洞;(相当于一个缘由状语从句 Because the boy led the way )Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervou
21、s. 很多眼睛看着他, 他感到有点儿紧急; (相当于一个缘由状语从句As many eyes were watching him)必背:含有 being 的独立主格结构;It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded. 今日是国庆节 ,街上很拥挤;= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 都回家了;没有别的事可争论,我们= As
22、 there was no further business to discuss, we all went home. 3 表示条件的 -ing 形式作 “独立主格结构 ”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间答应的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊;(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜;(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows)4 表示方式的 -ing 形
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