2022年高中英语语法总复习结构图.docx

《2022年高中英语语法总复习结构图.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年高中英语语法总复习结构图.docx（56页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2022/4/19 16:20:00高中语法总复习结构图一、名词I. 名词的种类：专出名词一般名词集体名词不行数名词物质名词国名、地名、人名、可数名词团体、机构名称个体名词抽象名词II. 名词的数：1. 规章名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es；现将构成方法与读音规章列表如下：规章 例词1 一般情形在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-wa

2、tches, dish-dishes 变 -f 和-fe 为 v 再加 -es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词加 -s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,或专出

3、名词以 y 结尾5 toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 的,加 -s 一般加 -es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 以辅音字母加 -o 结尾的6 不少外来词加 -s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 名词两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加

4、-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th 结尾的名词加 -s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2、不规章名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规章的,现归纳如下：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 30 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 规章 例词1 转变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同sheep, dee

5、r, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, 作复数（成员）population, crew, team, pu

6、blic, enemy, party customs海关 , forces军队 , times时代 , spirits 心情 , drinks 饮料 , 6 复数形式表示特殊含义sands沙滩 , papers文件报纸 , manners礼貌 , looks外表 , brains头脑智力, greens青菜 , ruins废墟 7 表示 “ 某国人 ”加 -s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以 -man 或-woman 结尾

7、的改Englishmen, Frenchwomen 为 -men,-women 8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最终一部grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 分变为复数将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants III. 名词的全部格：名词在句中表示全部关系的语法形式叫做名词全部格；全部格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成；前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西；名师

8、归纳总结 1. 全部格的构成：ssthe boy s father, Jacks book, her sons photo,第 2 页,共 30 页单数名词在末尾加复数名词一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规章复数名词后加the childrens toys, women s rights, - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 以 s 结尾的人名全部格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house2. 表示各自的全部关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJ

9、apans and America s problems, Janes and Mary s bikes表示共有的全部关系时在最终一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,全部格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles全部格的用法：today snewspaper, five weeks holiday 表示时间2 表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the

10、countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at one 不知所措 s wits end3. of 全部格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the

11、legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,特殊是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）,定冠词（ the）,和零冠词；I. 不定冠词的用法：名师归纳总结 1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 第 3 页,共 30 页2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for yo

12、u. 3 表示 “ 每一 ” 相当于 every,one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示 “ 相同 ” 相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前,表示不熟悉此人或与某名人A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 有类似性质的人或事 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time,

13、 in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之This room is rather a big one. 后8 用于 soas, too, how+ 形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3

14、表示说话双方都明白的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door. 4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示 “一家人 ”或“ 夫妇 ”the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词the United States, the Communist P

15、arty of China, the 前French 9 用于表示创造物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个岁月in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词He patted me on the shoulder. 组前III. 零冠词的用法：名师归纳总结 1 专出名词, 物质名词, 抽象名词, 人名地名等名词 前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air

16、第 4 页,共 30 页2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 限制3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing fo

17、otball/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 三、代词 ：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1 人 称 代主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them my, your, his, her, its, our, t

18、heir mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/

19、 much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 词宾格2 物 主 代形容词性词名词性3 反身代词 4 指示代词 5 疑问代词 6 关系代词7 不定代词II. 不定代词用法留意点：1. one, some 与 any: 1 one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones；some 多用于确定句,any 多用于疑问句和否定句；I have some questions to ask. One should learn to think of others. Have you any b

20、ookmarks. No, I dont have any bookmarks. 2 some 可用于疑问句中,表示希望得到确定的答复,或者表示建议,恳求等；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 30 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Would you like some bananas. Could you give me some money. 3 some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个, any 表示任何一个；I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct th

21、e mistakes, if any. 4 some 和数词连用表示“ 大约 ” ,any 可与比较级连用表示程度；There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today. 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every 强调整体,所指的数必需是三个或三个以上；Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each of us has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.

22、 Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no：no 等于 not any,作定语； none 作主语或宾语,代替不行数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以；There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle. None. None of the students are is afraid of difficulties. 4. othe

23、r 和 another: 1 other 泛指 “ 另外的,别的 ”常与其他词连用,如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为 the others；如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2 another 指“ 又一个,另一个”无所指,复数

24、形式是others,泛指 “ 别的人或事 ” 如：The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. I don t like this shirt, please show me another one.Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和 both, neither 和 either all 表示不行数名词时,其谓语动词用单数；both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither 和 none. All of

25、 the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四、形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 30 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 形容词作定语通常前置,但在以下情形后置：1 修饰 some, any, every

26、, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定 代词时nobody absent, everything possible the best book available, the only solution possible the only person awake a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and beautiful a man difficult to get on with 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名词之后3 alive, alike, awake, aw

27、are, asleep 等可以后置 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 5 成对的形容词可以后置 6 形容词短语一般后置2 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的次序：代词冠词数词基数词性状形容词大小新旧颜色国籍材料名词冠词前的指示代词序数词性质长短形容词不定代词状态温度产地质地外形代词全部格all the second one beautiful large new black Chinese silk a both this good short next four cool yellow London stone such another poor square your 3 复合形容词的构成：名师归纳总

28、结 1 形容词 +名词 +ed kind-hearted 6 名词 +形容词world-famous 第 7 页,共 30 页2 形容词 +形容词dark-blue 7 名词 +现在分词peace-loving 3 形容词 +现在分词ordinary-looking 8 名词 +过去分词snow-covered 4 副词 +现在分词hard-working 9 数词 +名词 +ed three-egged - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5 副词 +过去分词newly-built 10 数词 +名词twenty-year II. 副词副词的分类：1

29、时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, 5 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never recently 2 地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词how, where, when, why 3 方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副词almost, nearly, very,

30、fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词when, where, why III. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级；比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most；1. 同级比较经经常用 as as以及 not soas as如： I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a

31、great deal；3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more the more 句型；如： The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思；如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours. Our school is four times as large as yours. Our school is four times the

32、 size of yours. 6. 表示 “ 最高程度 “ 的形容词没有最高级和比较级；如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect ；五、介词I. 介词分类：名师归纳总结 1 简洁介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 第 8 页,共 30 页2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without - - - - - - -精选学习资料

33、 - - - - - - - - - 3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词considering 就而论 , including 6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介词区分：1 表示时间的 in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间,in 表示一段的时间,

34、on 总是与日子有关since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from 指从时间的某一点2 表示时间的 since, from 开头in 指在一段时间之后, after 表示某一详细时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时3 表示时间的 in, after 间中4 表示地理位置的 in, on, to in 表示在某范畴内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环境范畴之外5 表示 “在 上 ”的 on, in on 只表示在某物的表面上,in 表示占去某物一部分6 表示 “穿过 ” 的 through, across through 表示从内部通过,与 in 有关, across表示在表面上通过,

35、与 on 有关7 表示 “关于 ” 的 about, on about 指涉及到, on 指特地论述8 between 与 among 的区分 between 表示在两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以上的中间9 besides 与 except 的区分 besides指“ 除了 仍有再加上 ” ,except 指“ 除了,减去什么”,不放在句首10 表示 “用” 的 in, with with 表示详细的工具,in 表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音11 as与 like 的区分 as意为 “ 作为,以 位置或身份 ” ,like 为“象 一样 ” ,指情形相像12 in 与 i

36、nto 区分 in 通常表示位置（静态）,into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置六、动词I. 动词的时态：名师归纳总结 1. 动词的时态一共有16 种,以 ask 为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：将来时过去将来时第 9 页,共 30 页现在时过去时一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 进行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成hav

37、e/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成进行have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been should/would have been asking asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区分：1 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加 “已经 ” 等词；简言之,利用过去,说明现在；如：I have already read

38、the novel written by the world-famous writer. 已经看过,且明白这本书的内容 2 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加 现在；如：I read the novel last month. 只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住 I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区分：“过 ”,“ 了”等词；简言之,仅谈过去,不关两者都可以表示“ 从过去开头始终连续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在

39、完成时,如着重表示动作始终在进行,即动作的连续性时,就多用现在完成进行时；一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时；I have read that book.我读过那本书了；4. 一般将来时的表达方式：I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上始终在读那本书；名师归纳总结 1 将来时用法例句第 10 页,共 30 页will/shall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+动词原形含有 “准备, 方案, 即将 ”做某事, 或表示很

40、It s going to clear up.有可能要发生某事Were going to have a party tonight.3 be + doing 进行时表示将go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用He is moving to the south. 来进行时表示按方案即将发生的动作Are they leaving for Europe. 4 be about to + 动词原形表示支配或方案中的立刻就要发生的动I was about to leave when the bell rang. 作,后面一般不跟时间状语The meeting

41、is about to close. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5 be to + 动词原形表示按方案进行或征求对方看法Were to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程支配上早就定好的事情,The meeting starts at five oclock.可用一般现在时表示将来The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 动词的被动语态：常 用 被 动 语构成常用被动语态构成态1 一般现在时am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时

42、was/were being asked 2 一般过去时was/were asked 7 现在完成时have/has been asked 3 一般将来时shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时had been asked 4 过去将来时should/would be asked 9 将来完成时will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词can/must/may be asked 的被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不行漏掉其中介副词；固定结构 be 注goi

43、ng to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态；如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. 意Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不显现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示；如：事It is believed that It is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed that项It is reported that It must be admitted thatIt is hoped that下面主动