秦始皇英文详细说明材料.doc
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1、#+Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaQin Shi HuangdiAncestral name (姓):Ying (嬴)Clan name (氏):Zhao (趙) or QinGiven name (名):Zheng (政)King of the Qin stateDates of reign:July 246 BCE221 BCEOfficial title:King of Qin (秦王)First Emperor of ChinaDates of reign:221 BCE210 BCEOfficial title:F
2、irst Emperor (始皇帝)Temple name:None.Posthumous name:None.Dates are in the proleptic Julian calendar1. As appears in the Records of the Grand Historianby Sima Qian. Apparently, the First Emperor being bornin the State of Zhao where his father was a hostage, he lateradopted Zhao as his clan name (in an
3、cient China clan namesoften changed from generation to generation), but this isnot completely certain.2. Based on ancient Chinese naming patterns, we can infer thatQin was the clan name of the royal house of the State of Qin,derived from the name of the state.Qin Shi Huangdi (Chinese: 秦始皇;pinyin: Qn
4、 Shhung;Wade-Giles: Chin Shih-huang; IPA:tin xu) (259 BC 210 BC),12 personal name Ying Zheng (Chinese: 嬴政;pinyin: Yng Zhng), was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period.3 He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC.3 He ruled until his dea
5、th in 210 BC at the age of 50.4Qin Shi Huang is a pivotal figure in Chinese history. After unifying China, he and his chief advisor Li Si passed a series of major economic and political reforms.3 He undertook gigantic projects, including the first version of the Great Wall of China, the now famous c
6、ity-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, all at the expense of numerous lives. To ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed and burned many books.4Name of Shi HuangdiTitle meaningDuring the preceding Zhou Dynasty (700 BC-221 BC), later rulers of
7、 the independent states of China by convention used the title “King” (Chinese: 王;pinyin: Wng). Following his defeat of the last of the Warring States in 221 BC, King Zheng of Qin became de facto ruler of all China. To celebrate this achievement and consolidate his power base, King Zheng created a ne
8、w title calling himself the First Sovereign Qin Emperor (Chinese: 秦始皇帝;pinyin: Qn Sh Hungd;Wade-Giles: Qing Shih Huang-di), often shortened to Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: 秦始皇;pinyin: Qn Sh Hung;Wade-Giles: Qing Shih-Huang).The character (始) means “first”.5 The first emperors heirs would then be successi
9、vely called Second Emperor, Third Emperor and so on down the generations.6The characters 皇帝 (pinyin: Hungd) come from the mythical Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Era (Chinese: 三皇五帝;pinyin: Sn Hung W D) (3rd Century BC), from which the two characters (皇帝) are extracted.7 By adding such a title, Q
10、n Sh Hungd hoped to appropriate some of the previous Yellow Emperors (黃帝) divine status and prestige.8UsageBoth names, Qin Shi Huangdi (秦始皇帝) and Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇), appear in the Records of the Grand Historian written by Sima Qian. The longer name Qin Shi Huangdi (秦始皇帝) appears first in chapter 5,
11、9 though the shorter name Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) was the name of chapter 6 (秦始皇本紀).1011 However, the name Qin Shi Huangdi is believed to be the correct one since Ying Zheng joined together the words Huang (Imperial) and Di (ruler), to create Huangdi (emperor).12YouthBirthA rich merchant in the state of
12、 Han, named L Buwei, met Master Yiren (公子異人). L Buweis manipulation helped Yiren become King Zhuangxiang of Qin.4 At the time, King Zhuangxiang of Qin was a prince of blood Qin, who took residence in the court of Zhao as a hostage to guarantee an armistice between the two states.13According to the R
13、ecords of the Grand Historian, Zhao Zheng, first emperor, was born in 259 BC as the eldest son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin.214 King Zhaoxiang of Qin saw a concubine belonging to L Buwei, and she bore the first emperor.14 At birth, he was given the personal name Zheng (政).14 Because Zheng was born in
14、Handan, capital of the enemy state of Zhao (趙), he had the name Zhao Zheng.14 Zhao Zhengs ancestors are said to have come from Gansu province.2Birth controversyAccording to the Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian during the next dynasty and avowedly hostile to Qin Shi Huang, the fir
15、st emperor was not the actual son of King Zhaoxiang of Qin. By the time L Buwei introduced the dancing girl Zhao Ji (趙姬, or the Concubine from Zhao) to the future King Zhuangxiang of Qin, she was allegedly L Buweis concubine and already pregnant by him.13 According to translated texts of Annals of L
16、 Buwei the woman bore the future emperor in Handan 259 BC in the first month of the 48th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin.15 There was some inconsistency between the date of birth and the theory that L Buwei was the real father of the first emperor.15 In the view of some scholars, the length of the pre
17、gnancy was irregular, lasting a full year, which is impossible, according to modern medicine.15 The idea that the emperor was an illegitimate child added to the negative view of him for most of the past 2000 years.5 However, today there is considerable skepticism among scholars about this claim by S
18、ima Qian. Professors John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, in their translation of L Buweis Spring and Autumn Annals, call the story patently false, meant both to libel L and to cast aspersions on the First Emperor.16King of the Qin stateTeenage yearsIn 246 BC, when King Zhuangxiang died after a short r
19、eign of just three years, he was succeeded to the throne by his 13-year-old son.17 At the time, Zhao Zheng was still young, so L Buwei acted as the regent prime minister of the Qin state, which was still waging war against the neighbouring six states.5Lao Ais attempted coupAs King Zheng grew older,
20、L Buwei became fearful that the boy king would discover his liaison with his mother Zhao Ji (趙姬). He decided to distance himself and look for a replacement for the king. He found a man named Lao Ai (嫪毐).18 The Record of Grand historian said Lao Ai was disguised as a eunuch by plucking his beard. Lat
21、er Lao Ai and queen Zhao Ji got along so well they secretly had two sons together.18 Lao Ai then became ennobled as Marquis Lao Ai, and was showered with riches. L Buweis plot was supposed to replace King Zheng with one of the hidden sons. But during a dinner party drunken Lao Ai was heard bragging
22、about being the young kings step father.18 In 238 BC the king was traveling to the ancient capital of Yong (雍). Lao Ai seized the queen mothers Chinese seal and mobilized an army in an attempt to start a coup and rebel.18A price of 1 million copper coins was placed on Lao Ais head if he was taken al
23、ive or half a million if dead.18 Lao Ais supporters were captured and beheaded; then Lao Ai was tied up and torn to five pieces by horse carriages, while his entire family was executed to the third degree.18 The two hidden sons were also killed, while mother Zhao Ji was placed under house arrest unt
24、il her death many years later. L Buwei drank a cup of poison wine and committed suicide in 235 BC.518 Ying Zheng then assumed full power as the King of the Qin state. Replacing L Buwei, Li Si was also now the new chancellor.Jing Kes assassination missionMain article: Jing KeKing Zheng and his troops
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