2022年高考英语专题讲练五：动词的时态和语态.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载动词的时态和语态【考点分析】1. 对以下十种时态的考查：一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来时2. 既考查时态又考查语态; 3. 考查动词的及物与不及物; 4. 考查主动形式表示被动意义; 5. 考查动词词组在被动语态中的介词问题; 6. 对被动语态习惯句型的考查；【学问点归纳】I. 动词时态和语态的构成形式 主动语态的构成一般现在时一般过去时 do/does, is/am/are did,was/were 现在进行时过去进行时 is/am/are doingw

2、as/were doing 现在完成时过去完成时 has/have donehad done 现在完成进行时过去完成进行时has/have been doinghad been doing 一般将来时过去将来时 will/shall do is/am/are going to do 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载is/am/areaboutto dowould/should do was/were going to do was/wereaboutto do 被动语态的构成 一般现在时一般过去

3、时 is/am/are donewas/were done 现在进行时过去进行时 is/am/are being donewas/were being done 现在完成时过去完成时 has/have been donehad been done 一般将来时过去将来时 will/shall be done is/am/are going to be done is/am/areaboutto be donewould/should be done was/were going to be done was/wereaboutto be done II. 动词时态的用法 1. 一般现在时 一般现

4、在时表示常常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特点、状态、才能等 ; 主句是一般将来时 , 时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来 ; I ll go there after I finish my work.I f it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.在以 here,there 开头的句子里,go,come 等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动 作; 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - There goes the bell.学习必备欢迎下载汽车来了； Here s

5、he comes.她铃响了； There comes the bus.来了；留意：近几年,对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰 Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_ the Pacific,and we met no storm. A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 虽然航海发生在过去,但是,海洋的名称不会因此而变化,所以要用一般现在时；2. 现在进行时 ; 表示正在进行的动作 表示

6、按方案支配即将发生的动作；She is leaving for Beijing. 她要去北京；He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师；My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 代替一般现在时,描画更加生动；这个星期六我爸爸要来看我；The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 江水滚滚向东流；The sun is rising in the east. 太阳从东方冉冉升起；与 always, forever, constantly, contin

7、ually 连用,表示称赞或厌恶等感情颜色,但并非强调动作正在进行 ; He is always helping others. 他总是肯帮忙他人；She is always forgetting something. 她老是遗忘某些事情；大多数动词可用于进行时,但也有些动词不用于进行时；常见的有： 感觉类： look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 情感类： like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -

8、学习必备 欢迎下载 心态类： wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt 全部类： have, contain, won, hold, belong to 等；3. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作 ; I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room. 表示从过去开头,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for.” , “ since.” 表述的一段时间状语连用; He has learned En

9、glish for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 表示“ 曾经到过某地 人已回来 ” 用“have/has been to” ;表示“ 到某地去了 仍未回来 ” 用“have/has gone to” ；Where is Li Hua. -He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there. 在时间状语从句 , 条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作；When you hav

10、e learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge. Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.留意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成同时发生 , 就不必用完成时 ; 试比较：I ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.She will call you when she gets home. , 假如两个动作同时或几乎短暂动词 即瞬时动词 ,join,lose,buy,borrow,leave

11、,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start, break out 等,在完成时态中,其确定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用；要译“ 他参军已经三年了” 不能说：He has joined the army three years. 可采纳： “ ago 法” ： He joined the army three years ago. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载 “ 连续法” ：He has been in the army f

12、or three years. “ since 法” ： It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 留意：没有包括“ 现在” 在内或不是截至“ 现在” 为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连 用, 但“ in over the past/last+ 时间段” 要与现在完成时连用；4. 现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时刻开头始终连续到现在 或今后仍要连续一去 的动作 ; He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. 凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时；5. 一般过去时

13、表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况,发生的动作或为 ; He often sang when he was a boy. 或过去某一时间内常常发生或反复He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend. 用于 I didn t know 或I forgot ,表示事先不知道或不记得,但现在已知道或记得的事情；用于 I didn t know 或I forgot ,表示事先不知道或不记得,但现在已知道或记得的事情；I didn t know you were here.现在已经知道 Sorry, I forgot to bring

14、my book.“ 遗忘带书” 已成为过去的事了这一用法考生要特殊留意；留意：参看过去将来时的用法；6. 过去进行时示; 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作 这一过去时间须用时间状语表He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备; 欢迎下载表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left. 用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 ; I was writing whi

15、le he was watching TV. 过去方案、 支配好的将来动作 只限于 come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等; He said she was arriving the next day. 与 always, forever, constantly, continually连用,表示称赞或厌恶等感情颜色； 参看现在进行时的用法Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself. 过去进行时可用来描画故事

16、发行的背景；The wind was blowing and it was raining hard. 7. 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作；He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开头始终连续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至仍要继 续下去； At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week whe

17、n we learned about it. 过去未曾实现的意图、准备或期望 只限于 think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose,wish, want等动词 ；I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me. 我原来想昨天拜望你的,但是下雨 让我不能来 ；留意：名师归纳总结 过去完成时必需以过去某一时刻为基点,即“ 过去的过去” ；因此只有在和过去某时第 6 页,共 19 页或某动作相比较时才用到它; - - - - - - -精选学

18、习资料 - - - - - - - - - before, after学习必备欢迎下载本身表示时间的“ 前” “ 后” 明显,因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时；He had left before I arrived. 8. 一般将来时 一般将来时有以下一些构成形式需要记住： will/shall do 侧重将来行为,不突出方案支配去做某事 主观上准备或客观上可能发生 be going to do be doing 按方案将要发生,常和表示最近的将来时间连用 be about to do 按方案即将发生 一般将来时的用法：现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态Tom will come next

19、 week. He will be here tomorrow. 事物的固有属性或必定趋势 Oil will float in water. Fish will die without water. 对将来某个动作的支配、方案 He is going to speak on TV this evening. 9. 将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻 前 将完成的动作；常和by 短语, when,before引起的时间状语连用；We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 10. 过去将来时过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作

20、或过去的意图准备 主要用于宾语从句中; She was sure she would succeed. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载I thought you would come. 把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式,便成了过去将来时的表达形式；表示过去常常发生的动作；When he was young, he would go swimming. 留意： would 与 used to 的区分： would 只表示过去,不涉及现在,而 used to 表示“ 过 去常常” 要与现在比较,即

21、现在不是这样了；11. 要求肯定时态的固定的句型was/were doing sth. when did sth.正在做某事,这时突然 I was reading a book when the bell rang. was/were about to do sth. when did sth. 刚要做某事,这时突然 We were about to leave when the telephone rang. ItThis iswill be the first/second/third time+ thatIt s the first time Ive seen her.We have b

22、een there three times. 假如句中有比较确定的时间状语,就听从时间状语的要求；Last year I saw him many times. It is/has been since It is has been two weeks since I came here. She said it was five hours since she had finished her work. No sooner than Hardly whenHardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain. I had no soone

23、r come into the room than the door was closed. ItThis iswill be the first/second/third time+ thatThis is the first time I have been here. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public. III. 被动语态的用法被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承担者,也就是动作的对象,一般说来只有及物动词才

24、有被动语态；其构成为 be+及物动词的过去分词 ；助动词 be 有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规章与 be 作为连系动词时完全一样；含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时,由 情态动词 can, may must, have to等+be + 动词的 -ed 形式；含有 be going to , be to, used to, be about to 等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时,其构成为 be going to be to, used to, be about to+ be + 动词的 -ed 形式 构成；1. 被动语态的适用范畴当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者

25、时；这时不用by 短语；This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的；为了强调动作的承担者时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者要求参观者不行触摸展品；You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃；常用于如下句型：Its not known that 不得而知Its said that据说 Its reported that据报道 Its not decided that 尚未打算Its believed that

26、据认为 Its announced that 据宣布 2. 被动语态的句型常见句式是：主语 受动者 +be+ 过去分词 +by+ 施动者 He was scolded by the English teacher. 主语 +get+ 过去分词 +其它成分The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 名师归纳总结 使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”第 9 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 在现代英语中大量地显现了由学习必备欢迎下载 构成的被动

27、语态,这就叫做get+ 及物动词的过去分词get- 型被动语态； get- 型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限,动词短语； get+ 及物动词的过去分词通常为单个的动词或比较简洁的get 常同 marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound 等动词的 -ed 形式连用,构成被动语态；这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身,常指 最终最终,突然发生 等意义；He got wounded in the battle. 他在战役中受伤了；The boy got hurt on

28、his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了； get - 型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中,也不宜与 see, hear, watch, listen to 等感官动词构成被动语态；The old man was offered a large sum of money. 正 有人给了这位老人一大笔钱；The old man got offered a large sum of money. 误 get - 型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情颜色He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿； 有“ 活该” 之意 之意 How did the

29、 window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了. 有“ 不该关上态； get - 型被动语态有时表示开头进入某种状态,而 be+动词的 -ed 形式只表示存在的状She got tired. 她感到累了； 有开头感到疲惫的含义 She was tired. 只表示” 她累了” 的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可带有双宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语以是间接宾语；She lent me a bike. 被动： I was lent a bikeby her. A bike was lent to meby her.情态动词 +be+过去分词 This problem must be w

30、orked out in half an hour. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 双重被动式：主语学习必备欢迎下载+其它成分+被动式谓语 +不定式的被动式These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 3. 主动表示被动的几种情形不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态常见动词是： cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook

31、,lock,wash,drive,keep 等This knife cuts well. 这把刀好切；These books sell well. 这些书好卖；The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来流畅；Meat wont keep long in such hot weather. 肉在这样热的天气里放不长期；The cloth washes well. 这种布好洗；一些连系动词的主动式 out 等The apples taste good. +形容词； 常见动 look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn The flower sme

32、lls wonderful. The news proved/turned out true Cotton feels soft. 4. 不行变为被动语态的几种情形当句子的宾语是反身代词时 由于反身代词不行作主语 He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服；不行变为 Himself can be dressed by him. 当句子的宾语是相互代词时 由于相互代词不行作主语 We help each other/one another. 不行变为 Each other/One another is helped by us. 动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式名师

33、归纳总结 He lost heart.不行变为Heart was lost by him. 第 11 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 类似 lose heart词组的仍有学习必备欢迎下载make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等态take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain 等表状态动词没有被动语She took part in the sports meet. 不能变为 The sports meet was ta

34、ken part in by her. 当 have, cost, fit, last, hold Our village has twenty tractors. 等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时 我们村有 20 台拖拉机；The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛 2000 人 The war lasted four years. 这场战争连续了 4 年 当某些及物动词 如 leave, enter, join, 等 的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时The students entered the classroom one by one. My brother

35、joined the Party two years ago. My father left his hometown five years ago. 当句子的宾语是同源宾语时同学门间续地进了教室；我哥哥 2 年前入了党；我父亲 5 年前离开了家乡；The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活；当句子的宾语为行为者 主语 身体上某一部分时I couldnt believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 不信任自己的眼睛；He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 当用非谓语动

36、词作宾语时 He likes studying English. 他喜爱学习英语看到他仍活着,我简直他跨过栅栏时伤了脚；I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟 留意：少数以不定式 短语 做宾语的动词 如 agree, feel, decide, think 等 可以变为被动句,但不能以不定式 短语 直接做被动句的主语,而要借助 it 为先行主语,将不定式 短语 置于谓语动词之后 He has decided to go and study abroad. It has been decidedby himto go and study abroad. 5. 含

37、有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢他已打算出国留学；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 【高考猜测】1. Why didnt you buy the calculator.I _, but Mother _ allow me. A. would want to; didnt B. had wanted to; didntC. wanted to; wouldnt D. had wanted to; wo

38、uldnt2. This returned scholar has become one of the top experts in this field. Yes, I know him very well. He _ for ten years at an institute in the USA. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working 3. We _ dinner at six oclock when JSTV _ to show the film “ If you are not the one” .A. a

39、re having; will start B. will be having; starts C. have; will start D. will have had; starts 4. Is Robert abroad . I think so. He _ for a better job, but he didnt get it.A.hopes B.has hoped C.was hoped D.had hoped 5. Mr. Wang _ table tennis well, though he suffers from a waist pain and _ it for a lo

40、ng time. A. played; has not played B. plays; had not played C. plays; did not play D. plays; has not played 6. Isn t it a great surprise that I happened to meet my university English teacher at the South Bank Parkland last week. How long _ you _ each other, then. 名师归纳总结 A. hadn t; seen B. havent; se

41、en C. didnt; see D. dont; see第 13 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载7. It is said that the meeting _ for three hours. Why should I regret missing it. A. has lasted B. has been lasting C. lasted D. had lasted 8. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting_. A.was holding

42、 B.had held C.was to hold D.was to be held 9. 一 Is there any possible way to help them get rid of such a bad habit. 一 To tell the truth, its very hard.But we on this problem.A.worked B.had worked C.are working D.had been working 10. Is there anything wrong with you, Jake. You look so pale. I feel ve

43、ry tired.I _on this boring paper every day so far this month. A.work B.have been working C.had been working D.am working 11. Look out, there is a bus ahead. Oh, dear, _ A. I am not noticing it B. I havent noticed it C. I wasnt noticing it D. I had not noticed it 12. The truck ran down the hill, and the driver _,