2022年高考英语语法基础考前快速复习动词的时态和语态.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思2022 高考英语考前 10 天语法过一遍 六、动词的 时态和语态1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以 do 为例）用法名称构成1.一般现在时表示常常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特点、状态、才能等；2.主句是一般将来时 ,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现 在时表示将来；一般现在时do/does, 连系动词I ll go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.is/am/are 3.在以 he re

2、,there 开头的句子里, go,come 等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作；There goes the bell. 铃响了；There comes the bus.汽车来了；Here she comes.她来了；一般过去时did, 连系动词表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况,或was/were 过去某一时间内常常发生或反复发生的动作或行为；1.表示正在进行的动作；2.表示按方案支配即将发生的动作；She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京；He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师；现在进行时is/am

3、/are doing My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我；3.代替一般现在时,描画更加生动；The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江江水滚滚向东流；The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起；1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行过去进行时was/we

4、re doing They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day. 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,说 话时已完成的动作；现在完成时has/have done I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开头,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往 和“ for.” , “ s

5、ince. 表述的一段时间状语连用；He has learned English for six years. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示 “ 曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to ” , 表示 “到某地去了（仍未回来）”用“have/has gone to ”；Where is Li Hua. He has gone to the readin

6、g-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there. 4.短暂动词（即瞬时动词） ,join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out 等,在完成时态 中,其确定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用；不能说： He has joined the army for three years. 要翻译 “ 他已参军已经三年了；” 可采纳“ ago法”He joined the army three years a

7、go. “连续法 ”He has been in the army for three years. “ since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作；He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开头始终连续到 另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至仍要连续下去；过去完成时had done At the age

8、of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的期望、准备或意图；We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作；常和by 短将来完成时will/shall have done 语, when,before 引起的时间状语连用；We wi

9、ll have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 用来表示从过去某一时刻开头始终连续到现在（仍要现在完成进行has/have been doing 连续下时去）的动作； He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. 名师归纳总结 过去完成进行had been doing 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开头始终连续到另一第 2 页,共 5 页时个过去时刻才完成,仍将连续下去；一般将来时will/shall do 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况- - - - - - -精选学

10、习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思is/am/are going to （详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）do is/am/are （about ）to do 1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的 状态过去将来时would/should do He told me he would go to Beijing.他告知我他将去北was/were going to 京；I was told that he was going to return home. do was/were （about ）有人告知我他预备回家；to d

11、o 2. would do 表示过去的习惯总是 ,总会 ,常常He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时悄悄地坐着；2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较1 将来时用法例句be + doing 进行go, come, start, move, leave, He is moving to the south. arrive 等词可用进行时表示按计时表将来Are they leaving for Europe. 划即将发生的动作2 be about to + 动表示支配或方案中的立刻就要I was about to leave when the bell ra

12、ng. 发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间词原形The meeting is about to close. 状语3 be to + 动词原形表示按方案进行或征求对方意Were to meet at the school gate at noon.见4 一般现在时表将时刻表上或日程支配上早就定The meeting starts at five oclock.好的事情,可用一般现在时表示来The plane leaves at ten this evening. 将来3.简单混淆的时态比较名师归纳总结 项目区别例句一般过去现在完成时强We haven t heard from Jane for a

13、long time. What do you suppose _ to her. A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 调过去动作对说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况 . 现在产生的影Mr. Lee, who _ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is n ow a very famous statesman响或造成的结果A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works 时与现在完成时的一般过去时只只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在 Hello

14、, I _ you were in London. How long _ here. 比较A. don t know; were you B. hadn t known; are you现在完成表达过去的动C. haven own; are D. didnt know; have you been作或状态说明： didn t know 强调见面前不知道I read the novel last month. 只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住 着重表示动作时与现在的结果时,用I have read that book. 我读过那本书了； （知道那本书的内容）完成进行现在完成时第 3 页,共

15、5 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思时的比较着重表示动作Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 现在进行始终在进行,时I am tired. I _ the living room all day. 即动作的连续A. painted B. had painted 性时,就用现C. have been painting D. have painted 在完成进行时说明：强调动作从过去到现在的连续现在进行时表I don t really work here. I _ until the new sec

16、retary _. 示现在某个A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come 候或某段时间C. am just hel ping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 正在进行的动说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般时与过去作进行时的过去进行时表 Hey, look where you are going. 比较 Oh, Im terribly sorry. _.示某个时候或A. Im not noticing. B. I was

17、nt noticing某段时间正在C. I haveniced. D. I dont notice.进行的动作说明：对话的后者明显是在说明刚才不当心冒犯对方时正在做的事情. 一般过去一般过去时只Tom_ into the house when no one _. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed 表达过去的动C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 作或状态说明： slip 和 notice 为同时发生的动作,因此B、C 为错误选项, slipped 指过去有结时与过去过去进

18、行时表去了）,when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情形（没有人留意）进行时的.He _ a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _ i比较示某个时候或A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished 某段时间正在C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 进行的动作说明：正确选项为B. 从 I don t know if he has finished it.推断,他去年始终在写；II

19、. 动词的被动语态1 2 3 4 5 注 意常用被构成常用被动语构成动语态态一般现am/is/are done 6 过去进行时was/were being done 在时一般过was/were done 7 现在完成时have/has been done 去时一般将shall/will be done 8 过去完成时had been done 来时过去将should/would be done 9 将来完成时will/would have been done 来时现在进am/is/are being done 10 含有情态动can/must/may be done 行时词的被动语态的否定式是

20、在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not ,短语动词的被动态不行漏掉其中介副词；固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better 变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态；事Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,

21、在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思项汉语有一类句子不显现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that It must be pointed out thatIt It is well known thatis supposed thatIt must be admitted thatIt It is reported thatis hoped that被动语态的句型1.常见句式是： 主语（受动者） be过去分词 （by施动者）：He was scolded by the Eng

22、lish teacher. 2.主语 get过去分词其它成分：because of her faults. The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired 使用这种结构不能带有“ by施动者 ”3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语；She lent me a bike.被动： I was lent a bikeby her. A bike was lent to meby her. 4.情态动词 be过去分词： This problem must be worked out in half

23、an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面主动形式常表示被动意义1. 不 及 物 动 词 与 状 语 连 用 , 用 以 表 示 主 语 的 品 质 和 状 态 ； 常 见 动 词 是 ：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash 等；This knife cuts well. 这把刀好切；These books s

24、ell well.这些书好卖；The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来流畅；Meat wont keep long in such hot weather. 肉在这样热的天气里放不长期；The cloth washes well. 这种布好洗；2.一些连系动词的主动式形容词；常见动 look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等；The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels so ft

25、. 不行变为被动语态的几种情形1.I teach myself French. 不行变为 Myself is taught French. 由于反身代词不行作主语；2.We help e ach other/one another. 不行变为 Each other/One another is helped by us. 相互代词不行作主语；由于3.He lost heart. 不行变为 Heart was lost by him. 由于象 lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought能用于主动式,不能用被动式；这类动宾结构的固定短语只

26、4.She took part in the sports meet. 不能变为 The sports meet was taken part in by her. 由于象 take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain 含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 等表状态动词没有被动语态；特殊留意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih. 下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 5 页