认知语言学框架与构式ppt课件.ppt

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1、变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分第五章第五章 框架及构式框架及构式Chapter 5 Frame and Constructions变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Contents5.1 Frame and Scripts 框架与脚本5.2 Event-frame and the windowing of attention 事件框架和开启注意力视窗5.3 Language-specifi

2、c framing and its use in narrative texts 特定语言框架及其在叙述文本中的使用5.4 Construction Grammar 构式语法变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分5.1 Frame and Scripts The notion of frame was introduced into linguistics by Charles Fillmore in the middle of the 1970s based on his by now clas

3、sic example, the commercial event frame.框架这一概念由 Charles Fillmore于20世纪70年代中期引入的语言学，它的基础是“商商务事件务事件”框架。框架。变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分An example of BUYAn example of BUYAD变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The Frame of BUYThe Frame

4、 of BUY Mary bought some books from John for 500 dollors . some booksB (goods) A (buyer) Mary C (money) 500 dollorsD (seller) John变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Frame and perspectiveThe assignment of syntactic roles is governed by the choice of the verb buy, whic

5、h is the syntactic perspective.The notion of perspective relies on the principle of prominence, that is on figure/ground segregation.The BUY frame is not just a useful tool for the syntactic description of the verb buy, but it can also be applied to the verbs sell, charge and pay. 变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、

6、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分 The difference of the four verbs is simply a change of perspective within the same frame.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分 (1) David bought an old shirt from John for ten pounds.(2) John sold an old shirt toDavid f

7、or ten pounds. (3) John charged David ten pounds for an old shirt. (4) David paid ten pounds to John for an old shirt.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The two verbs buy and pay describe the comercial event from the BUYERs perspective, while sell and charge perspect

8、ivize the situation from the SELLERs point of view.Frame and perspectiveFrame and perspectiveThis is a first sign that the frame approach goes beyond the figure and ground approach in that it pays more attention to the less prominent parts of sentences like adverbials.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连

9、接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts the notion of frame any system of linguistic choicescollections of wordschoices of grammatical rules or linguistic categries变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Starting ou

10、t from this linguistic position, the conception of the frame notion has shifted towards a cognitive interpretation.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsEvery sentence evokes a certain cognitive perspective on a situation by the choice of the verb and the particular syntactic pa

11、ttern that it governs.The basis for perspective is mainly provided by the cognitive ability of directing ones attention.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The similarities between two approaches :the figure and ground approach & the frame and attention approachThe fr

12、ame notion:different The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts conceptions and related conceptsthe profiling of participants in an interactive network as syntactic figure and groundthe notion of perspectivizing two elements of a frame as subject and objectThey rely on Fillmores ear

13、ly Case Grammer,and share the belief that clause patterns cannot be seen in isolation but against their cognitive background变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsThe differences between the two approaches:(1)Res

14、earches working in the frame paradigm are interested in problems related to the meaning of the verbs that belong to a frame.(2)The frame approach presents a unified view of syntactic patterns,(3) the figure and ground approach mainly emphasizes the two prominent entities on the level of clause in th

15、e syntactic figure and the syntactic ground; however, the frame has something to say about linguistic items that attract only a small portion of our attention potential.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Examples: 5.David spent ten pounds on an old shirt. 6.The old s

16、hirt cost David ten pounds.The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Frames can be conceived as a way of describing the cognitive context which provides the background for and is associated with cognitive categories

17、.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsFrames are just one of variety of cognitive models which also include the scenarios, domains and interactive networks and the scrips .变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分From frames to scripts:flying on a pla

18、neThe relevence of frames extends over the boundaries of single sentences to much larger linguistic and congnitive units.The following little story:Sue caught a plane from London to Madrid. After she had found her seat she checked whether the life vest was beneath it, but she could not find it. So s

19、he asked the flight attendant to find one for her.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Attention: the two occurrences of the definite article the. From frames to scripts:flying on a planeQuestion: Why so the two uses of the definite article sound completely nautral, al

20、though they cannot be explained with the rules of grammar alone?Explaination:We need to make inferences that are based on our world knowledge to understand the definite references.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Cognitive categories act both as anchors and as trig

21、gers for frames.Frame is in the format of categories and their interrelations that frames are designed and it is by the same categories that they are activated.Categories is to provide “default assignments” by supplying context-dependent prototypes.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames

22、 to scripts:flying on a plane变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分All these expectations that are based on our experience and stored in our long-term memory are part of the frame-system and influence our ability to produce and understand the language related to it.所有这些

23、基于我们的经验并储存在长期记忆中的预期都是框架系统的组成部分，并且影响我们产生和理解与之有关的语言的能力。From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a plane变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a plane变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输

24、电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分TheFLYING ON A PLANE frame has so far been presented as if it were a motley collection of categories. A flight exhibits a very predictable temporal structure in which one stage is often a prerequisite for the next stage.Viewing the flight from such a

25、sequential perspective, we go beyond simple frames and move into the scripts, i.e. knowledge structures that are particularly designed for frequently recurring event sequences.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a plane变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变

26、电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The restaurant scriptThe restaurant scriptThe RESTAURANT script as developed by the computer scientist Roger Schank and the social psychologist Robert Abelson.It can be divided into 4 scenes: Entering, ordering, eating and exiting. In entering, a number of condition must be f

27、ufilled.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Ordering scene of the restaurant scriptsOrdering scene of the restaurant scripts变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Although we are all familiar with the information stored in scripts, when we

28、 produce or listen to language we unconsciously fill in an incredible amount of information taken from frames and scripts.eg. John went into a restaurant. He asked the waitress for coq au vin. He paind the bill and left.Without supplying this information we would certainly not be able to understand

29、even the most simple pieces of discourse.eg. John went into a restaurant. He saw a waitress. He got up and went home.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分5.2 Event -frames and the windowing of attention5.2 Event -frames and the windowing of attentionFrames can provide

30、valuable tools for the linguistic and conceptual analysis of situations like buying and selling, or having a meal in a restaurant . The notion of frame can be extended to describe more general situations, such as event chains linked by temporal sequences or causation.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接

31、，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The information provided by the frame is still fairly specific. For example: the everyday practices of paying by credit card.However, the frame would not be valid at all in culture where goods are traded for other goods rather than sold for money.Therefore, frames

32、 are cognitive structures that are context-and- culture- dependent.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分The question is the notion of frame:1) is restricted to certain contexts and culturesor 2) can be conceieved of as being a much more basic cognitive phenomenon that

33、underlines a wide variety of real-world situations and is shared by all human beings.Such a universalist-cognitive line of research is pursued by Talmy in his investigation of event types.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Motion event and motion event-framesTo under

34、stand Talmys motion event , lets first review the situations with moving objects mentioned in this book.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Granted that figure/ ground segregation is a universally valid principle of perception, the three components, FIGURE, GROUND and

35、 PATH are crucial for a cognitive description of a motion event.Step further, MOTION can be regarded as a fourth component of motion event. In addition to the conceptual component moving, fly, in the sentence A ballon flew over the house, also describes the way or MANNER of the movement , and this m

36、ay be regarded as the fifth component to the structure of a motion event.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分For a motion event to take place, something must have caused the moving object to start moving or stay in motion.This CAUSE element can be an inportant factor

37、in the conceptualization of motion event.Six cognitive components FIGURE, GROUND, PATH, MOTION, MANNER and CAUSE define the motion event-frame.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Generalized from moti

38、on event, Talmy defines the notion of event-frame as the following:A set of conceptual elements and interrelationships that .are evoked together or co-evoke each other can be said to liee within or constitute an event-frame, while the elements that are conceieved of as incidental-whether evoked weak

39、ly or not at all- lie outside the event-frame. (Talmy 2000/I:259)变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Talmy identifies five types of event-frames:motion event-frames 位移事件框架 causation event-frames 致使事件框架cyclic event-frames 循环事件框架 participant-interaction event-frames 参与者

40、互动事件框架interrelationship event-frames 相互关系事件框架变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Windowing of attention in motion event-framesWindowing of attention in motion event-framesA flight situation:On 26 July 1909 Louis Bleriot flew across the English Channel from Les Baraque

41、s to Dover.1909年7月26日 Louis Bleriot从Les Baraques到Dover飞过英吉利海峡。 变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Their specific function becomes clearer when we consider all three spatial adverbials contained in this sentence. While the first (across the channel) is seen as evoking

42、 the whole PATH component of the motion event-frame, the second and third (from Les Baraques and to Dover) are regarded as explicit sepecifications of the PATH component drawing attention to its initial and final points.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分This cogniti

43、ve process of forgrounding certain portions of an event-frame is called windowing of attenion by Talmy.The conceptual material that makes up part of an event-frame is background is labelled Gapping.Pathwindowing attentional windows can be pathgapping opened and closed变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接

44、，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分 Schematic representation of Schematic representation of positional types of windowing positional types of windowing 视窗位置类型的图示展示视窗位置类型的图示展示 medial windowing PATH FIGURE in motion initial final initial final windowing windowing windowingwindowing GROUND GROUND 变电站电

45、气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Open path Open path 开放路径开放路径变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Closed path 封闭路径封闭路径变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Fictive path Fictive path 虚拟路径虚拟路径变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、

46、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分 变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Causal-chain windowing 致使链视窗致使链视窗Traditional notion of causation: A simple yes-no categoryeg. non causative (die,fall ) causative (kill drop)However:Talmy argued in 1976 that differ

47、ent degrees of caussation exist: event-causation事件致使：The vase broke.author-causation人为致使: He broke the vase by mistake.agent-causation施事致使: He broke the vase to irritate his wife.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Talmy claimed that many events involving causation sh

48、ould be treated as a complex sequences of more elementary stages and subevents.eg.John broke the window (with a stone).1. The agent decides that hes going to break the window.2. He bends hid knees, moves his hand to ground to grasp a stonr, straightens up and lifts the stone with his hand, swing his

49、 arm while holding the stone in his hand, and releases the stone from his hand thus propelling it forward.3.The stone sails through the air.4.The stone forcefully makes contact with window.5.The window breaks.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分Each subevent is linked

50、 to the next by a causal relation, and this motivates Talmys term causal-chain event. It is possible to deduce from this example the components of causal-chain event-frame.变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中一个重要组成部分变电站电气主接线是指变电站的变压器、输电线路怎样与电力系统相连接，从而完成输配电任务。变电站的主接线是电力系统接线组成中