英语阅读理解——主旨大意-大集合.doc

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语阅读理解主旨大意-大集合英语阅读理解主旨大意-大集合2011届英语阅读理解专练主旨大意题A.设题方式 .考查文章的中心思想 The main idea/key point of this passage is that_. The passage is mainly about _. From the passage we can learn/conclude t

2、hat_. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? .考查文章标题的选择 The best title/headline for this passage is_. Which of the following is the best title? What would be the best title for the text? The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_. .考查作者的写作态度和意

3、图 What is the authors main purpose in this passage? The writers purpose in writing this story is_. In the passage the author wants to tell_. The writers attitude toward . is_. B.干扰项特点. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 . 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文

4、章实际所讨论的内容。. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。 . 无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。C.解题指导1.分清主次，抓住主干，找出主题句。主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子,它的出现有四种情况: 1）主题句在开头主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义点明主题的作用,它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨而支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题，常伴有 for example i.e. that i

5、s first second finally once another time for one thing 等词。2）主题句在结尾用归纳法写的文章,其结构是表述细节的句子放在前面,概述性的句子放在后面,并以此而结尾,所以结尾的句子起着总结归纳画龙点睛的作用，多伴有so thereforethus in short as a resultthat is why 等词。3）考生可以快速浏览每段首尾两句来确定每段的主题句，从而确定文章的主题句。 【考例分析1】Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us with

6、out even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television. Nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. This ability comes so naturally that

7、 we tend to forget what a miracle（奇迹）it is.75. This passage is mainly about_. （2010江西卷E -节选自文章第一段）A. the development of body language B. the special role humans play in natureC. the power to convey information to othersD. the difference between humans and animals in language use【考例分析2】My few minutes

8、 with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity. 59. What is the message mainly expressed in the story? （2010年重庆卷A篇-节选自文章最后一段）A. We should learn to be generous. B. It is honor

9、able to help those in need. C. People in high positions are not like what we expect. D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances.【考例分析3】We often dont remember things as well when were trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention

10、to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget peoples names-even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a frie

11、nd, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them. 52. What is the main idea of the passage? （2010年浙江卷C篇-节选自文章最后一段）A. Multitasking has become a way of life. B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decl

12、ine. C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved. D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better. 4）值得注意的是:有些文章和段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题这就要求考生在阅读过程中,根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意 2.理清层次关系,，选出最佳标题标题是文章中心思想的精练表达,多为一个名词词组，短小明了,函盖性强做这类题目时,要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句

13、。所以我们在解题时要反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。 【考例分析4】When youre lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses(压力) of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish something!49. What would be the best title for the text? （2010年全国卷II B篇-节选自文章第一段）AAdventures

14、in Travel Writing BWorking as a Food CriticCTravel Guides on the Market DVacationing for a Living【考例分析5】Too much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on

15、 children. 67. What would be the best title for this text? （2010年辽宁卷C篇-节选自文章第一段）A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on ChildrenC. Studies on TV and College Education D. Television and Childrens Learning Habits【考例分析6】To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. Common s

16、ense is not all that common. Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?These three popular misquotes(戏谑的引语)are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature . To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people dont want to

17、accept the responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this:” To err is human, to forgive, divine(神圣的). ”This saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite find so

18、meone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a making of great maturity. 55. What would be the best title for his passage? （2010年天津卷D篇-节选自文章第一部分）A. A Mirror of Human Nature B. To Blame or to ForgiveC. A Mark of Maturity D. Truth or Excuse3.抓住关键词

19、，判断作者意图 作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性类词(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ign

20、ore等，以及作者对人物语言行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度 【考例分析7】The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet(出路) for our sense of wonder, then we are really missing something. We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all

21、around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see that these worlds, in a broad sense, are really part of our own. （2010年重庆卷E篇-节选自文章第一段）75. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To show us the hidden beauty in our world. B. To warn us not to get lost in the fan

22、tasy world. C. To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder. D. To discuss the influence of the world of make-believe. 4.小结：总之，主旨大意类题虽然综合性强，对考生的能力要求较高，但只要我们掌握了一定的解题技巧，在读懂读透文章的基础上，仔细对比四个备选项之间的内涵与外延之间的差异，定能准确地找出正确答案。在高考阅读理解中，主题概括类试题的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是英语课程标准和考试说明对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，

23、才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考察的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。选择“主题”旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有： 1. What is the main / general idea of this text?2. What is mainly discussed in this

24、passage?3. What is the text mainly about?4. This text mainly tells us _.5. This passage mainly deals with _.6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_.选择“标题”则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：1. What would be the best title for the text?2. Which of the following i

25、s the best / most suitable title for this text?3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be _.4. The topic of this passage is _.不管是选择“主题”还是选择“标题”，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，总是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。下面具体分析此类题目的解题技巧：一、段落及文章整体的主题大意的理解解这类试题应根据以下几

26、个步骤，掌握此类题的解题技巧：1. 寻找主题句，确定文章主题在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法 (skimming)，一般不需逐句阅读，只需选读文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。主题句呈现的形式有：1）文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。即演绎法写作方式。如： Something in cho

27、colate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers. Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present. The Imperial College London re

28、searchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful (有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor

29、Peter Barnes.Ten healthy volunteers (志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to caus

30、e coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine is stopping coughs.The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin needed to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levels of cap

31、saicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity (神经活动), which causes coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness. (2008 全国卷II D篇)a. Which of

32、 the following would be the best title for the text? A. Codeine: A New Medicine B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case B. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs2) 文尾归纳要点，提出建议，以概括主题。即归纳法写作方式。如：A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it

33、 is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes a man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land cre

34、ature can swim as skillfully as man; none has such varied grace; very few live as long as he; none is so strong in itsnatural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 3)文中。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后

35、又作进一步的解释、支持或发展。如：Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in h

36、and; a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.4)首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见。但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步引申或发展的意味。如：（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes,“It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. ”She sa

37、id（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.” Shu said.5) 无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句，必须根据文中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑、综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。如：b. Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to

38、 leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.b. What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bin

39、gham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education. 除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词。文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on the whole, as a result，in short，therefore，thus I agree with the opinion that; Given all these points ab

40、ove, I would support the idea that; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer.2. 抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某些段落，而应观察全文的结构安排；理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”；考虑文章的组织材料及支持性细节是服务于什么的；分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么内容来表达的；最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。如：There are three s

41、eparate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power. First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are strongly built, the containers us for the transport of the materials are not. Normally, only two m

42、ethods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas.Second, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases w

43、ill remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into deserted mines, or sunk in the sea. However

44、, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the containers.Third, there may occur the danger of a leak (泄漏) or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two dangers, this is not very likely, so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear pro

45、gram. However, it can happen.Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high.c: What is the passage about? A. Uses of nuclear power.B. Dangers from nuclear power.C. Public anger at nuclear power. D. Accid

46、ents caused by nuclear power.3. 抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了那几方面内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳，形成主题。如： The Queens English is now sounding less upper-class, a scientific study of the Queens Christmas broadcasts has found. Researchers ha

47、ve studied each of her messages to the Commonwealth countries since 1952 to find out the change in her pronunciation from the noble Upper Received to the Standard Received. Jonathan Harrington, a professor at Germanys University of Munich, wanted to discover whether accent (口音) changes recorded over the past half century would take place within one person. “As far as I know, there just is nobody else for whom there is this sort of broadcast records,” he said.He said the noble way of pronouncing vowels (元音) had gradually lost ground as the noble upper