2008年05月翻译专业资格考试（英语三级笔译实务）真题及答案.doc

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1、2008年05月翻译专业资格考试（英语三级笔译实务）真题及答案Section 1 English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）(50 points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.Europe Pushes to Get Fuel from FieldsARDEA, Italy - The previous growing season, this lush coastal field near Rome was filled with rows of delicate durum wheat, used to ma

2、ke high-quality pasta. Today it overflows with rapeseed, a tall, gnarled weedlike plant bursting with coarse yellow flowers that has become a new manna for European farmers: rapeseed can be turned into biofuel.Motivated by generous subsidies to develop alternative energy sources - and a measure of c

3、oncern about the future of the planet - Europes farmers are beginning to grow crops that can be turned into fuels meant to produce fewer emissions than gas or oil. They are chasing their counterparts in the Americas who have been raising crops for biofuel for more than five years.This is a much-need

4、ed boost to our economy, our farms, said Marcello Pini, 50, a farmer, standing in front of the rapeseed he planted for the first time. Of course, we hope it helps the environment, too.In March, the European Commission, disappointed by the slow growth of the biofuels industry, approved a directive th

5、at included a binding target requiring member countries to use 10 percent biofuel for transport by 2020 - the most ambitious and specific goal in the world.Most European countries are far from achieving the target, and are introducing incentives and subsidies to bolster production.As a result, bioen

6、ergy crops have replaced food as the most profitable crop in several European countries. In this part of Italy, for example, the government guarantees the purchase of biofuel crops at 22 euros for 100 kilograms, or $13.42 for 100 pounds - nearly twice the 11 to 12 euros for 100 kilograms of wheat on

7、 the open market in 2006. Better still, farmers can plant biofuel crops on set aside fields, land that Europes agriculture policy would otherwise require be left fallow.But an expert panel convened by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization pointed out that the biofuels boom produces be

8、nefits as well as trade-offs and risks - including higher and wildly fluctuating food prices. In some markets, grain prices have nearly doubled.At a time when agricultural prices are low, in comes biofuel and improves the lot of farmers and injects life into rural areas, said Gustavo Best, an expert

9、 at the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. But as the scale grows and the demand for biofuel crops seems to be infinite, were seeing some negative effects and we need to hold up a yellow light.Josette Sheeran, the new head of the United Nations World Food program, which fed nearly 90 million

10、 people in 2006, said that biofuels created new problems. An increase in grain prices impacts us because we are a major procurer of grain for food, she said. So biofuels are both a challenge and an opportunity.In Europe, the rapid conversion of fields that once grew wheat or barley to biofuel crops

11、like rapeseed is already leading to shortages of the ingredients for making pasta and brewing beer, suppliers say. That could translate into higher prices in supermarkets.New and increasing demand for bioenergy production has put high pressure on the whole world grain market, said Claudia Conti, a s

12、pokesman for Barilla, one of the largest Italian pasta makers. Not only German beer producers, but Mexican tortilla makers have see the cost of their main raw material growing quickly to historical highs.Some experts are more worried about the potential impact to low-income consumers. In the develop

13、ing world, the shift to more lucrative biofuel crops destined for richer countries could create serious hunger and damage the environment if wild land is converted to biofuel cultivation, the agriculture panel concluded.But officials at the European Commission say they are pursuing a measured course

14、 that will prevent some of the price and supply problems seen in American markets.In a recent speech, Mariann Fischer Boel, the European agriculture and rural development commissioner, said that the 10 percent target was not a shot in the dark, but was carefully chosen to encourage a level of growth

15、 for the biofuel industry that would not produce undue hardship for Europes poor.She calculated that this approach would push up would raw material prices for cereal by 3 percent to 6 percent by2020, while prices for oilseed might rise 5 percent to 18 percent. But food prices on the shelves would ba

16、rely change, she said.Yet even as the European program begins to harvest biofuels in greater volume, homegrown production is still far short of what is needed to reach the 10 percent goal: Europes farmers produced an estimated 2.9 billion liters, or 768 million gallons, of biofuel in 2004, far shy o

17、f the 3.4 billion gallons generated in the United States in the period. In 2005, biofuel accounted for around 1 percent of Europes fuel, according to European statistics, with almost all of that in Germany and Sweden. The biofuel share in Italy was 0.51 percent, and in Britain, 0.18 percent.That cou

18、ld pose a threat to European markets as foreign producers like Brazil or developing countries like Indonesia and Malaysia try to ship their biofuels to markets where demand, subsidies and tax breaks are the greatest.Ms. Fischer Boel recently acknowledged that Europe would have to import at least a t

19、hird of what it would need to reach its 10 percent biofuels target. Politicians fear that could hamper development of a local industry, while perversely generating tons of new emissions as green fuel is shipped thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic, instead of coming from the farm next door.Su

20、ch imports could make biofuel far less green in other ways as well - for example if Southeast Asian rainforest is destroyed for cropland.Brazil, a country with a perfect climate for sugar cane and vast amounts of land, started with subsidies years ago to encourage the farming of sugarcane for biofue

21、ls, partly to take up excess capacity in its flagging agricultural sector.The auto industry jumped in, too. In 2003, Brazilian automakers started producing flex-fuel cars that could run on biofuels, including locally produced ethanol. Today, 70 percent of new cars in the country are flex-fuel models

22、, and Brazil is one of the largest growers of cane for ethanol.Analysts are unsure if the Brazilian achievement can be replicated in Europe - or anywhere else. Sugar takes far less energy to convert to biofuel than almost any product.Yet after a series of alarming reports on climate change, the poli

23、tical urgency to move faster is clearly growing.With an armload of incentives, the Italian government hopes that 70,000 hectares, or 173,000 acres, of land will be planted with biofuel crops in 2007, and 240,000 hectares in 2010, up from zero in 2006.Mr. Pini, the farmer, has converted about 25 perc

24、ent of his land, or 18 hectares, including his set aside land, to Europes fastest-growing biofuel crop, rapeseed. He still has 50 hectares in grain and 7 in olives.He has discovered other advantages as well. In Italys finicky food culture, food crops have to look good and be high quality to sell- a

25、drought or undue heat can mean an off year. Crops for fuel, in contrast, can be ugly or stunted.You need fewer seeds and its much easier to grow, he said.答案：欧洲竞相从农田获取燃料阿尔代亚，意大利上个生长季节，罗马近郊植物葱茏的靠海农田，遍布成排的纤细的硬质小麦，过去用于制作高品质意粉。今天，这里却长满了油菜花，一种高高的、多节的类似杂草的、盛开野黄花的植物。它已经成为上帝赐给欧洲农民的一种新的作物：因为油菜籽能被转变为生物燃料。在丰厚补贴

26、的驱动下，人们正在开发各种可替代能源这是对地球未来一定程度的关注欧洲农民正开始种植可转换为燃料的作物，这意味着比汽油或石油产生更少的排放物。他们正在追随美国同伴，后者种植用于生物燃料的作物已超过5年。“这对我们的经济和农田，是一种急需的激励，”50岁的农民马赛罗皮尼，站在他第一次种植的油菜籽田前面说，“当然，我们也希望这有助于环境。”3月，对生物燃料产业成长缓慢感到失望的欧洲委员会，批准了一条包括“约束力目标”的指令，要求成员国到2020年时，生物燃料占运输用燃料的10%这是世界上最雄心勃勃和具体的目标。大部分欧洲国家还远远未实现这一目标，正引入激励和补贴，以提高产量。结果，生物能源作物已取代

27、粮食，成为几个欧洲国家最有利可图的作物。例如，意大利在这方面，政府保证以每100公斤22欧元或13.42美元的价格购买生物燃料作物这几乎是2006年公开市场上每100公斤小麦11或12欧元价格的两倍。更好的是，农民可以在“搁置”地上种植生物燃料作物，欧洲的农业政策曾要求这些地休耕。但是，联合国粮农组织召集的专家组指出，生物燃料热潮有利有弊，需要权衡包括跌宕起伏的粮食价格波动。在一些市场，谷物价格已几乎翻番。“一旦农产品价格降低，生物燃料就会进入，改善农民的命运，并给农村地区注入活力，”位于罗马的粮农组织专家古斯塔罗贝斯特说。“但随着规模增长，对生物燃料作物的需求似乎无穷无尽，我们看到一些负面影

28、响，需要举起黄灯。”联合国世界粮食计划在2006年养活了近9000万人，其新领导人乔塞特希兰说生物燃料制造了新问题。“粮食价格的增长对我们造成了冲击，因为我们是粮食的主要生产者，”她说。“因此，生物燃料挑战与机遇并存。”供应商说，在欧洲，成熟后的小麦或大麦改为像油菜籽那样的生物燃料作物，已经引起了制作意粉和酿造啤酒所需的配料短缺。这转化为了超级市场里更高的价格。“对生物能源产品新的和不断增长的需求，已给整个世界粮食市场施加了高压，”意大利最大的意粉制造商之一、百得阿姨的发言人克劳迪亚科蒂说。“不仅德国的啤酒制造商，而且墨西哥的玉米饼生产者，都已注意到他们主要的原材料成本增长迅速，已达历史最高水

29、平。”一些专家更担心其对低收入消费者的潜在冲击。农业小组断定，在发展中国家，如果荒地转为种植生物燃料作物，这种以富国为目的、向更多高利润生物燃料作物转变的做法，可能造成严重的饥饿，并损害环境。但欧洲委员会的官员说，他们正在寻求一种审慎的进程，它将避免在美国市场上看见的一些价格和供应问题。欧洲农业和农村发展委员会的马里兰，菲舍尔，波伊尔，在最近一次演讲中说，10%目标并非“误打误撞，”但是小心选择一个增长水平以促进生物燃料产业，并不会给欧洲的穷人产生过度困难。她估计2020年前，这种做法将把世界谷物原材料价格提高3%至6%，而含油种子的价格可能增长5%到18%。但她说货架上的食品价格几乎不变。然

30、而即使欧洲的计划已开始大量收获生物燃料，本地产量仍然远远低于需要的10%目标：2004年欧洲农民预计生产了29亿升或7.68亿加仑生物燃料，远低于美国同期生产的34亿加仑。根据欧洲的统计数据，2005年，生物燃料已占到欧洲燃料的1%，德国和瑞典几乎全采用了。意大利的生物燃料份额为0.51%，英国的是0.18%。巴西那样的外国生产商或印度尼西亚及马来西亚那样的发展中国家，试图将他们的生物燃料用船运输到那些需求、补贴和减税最大的市场，这可能对欧洲市场造成了威胁。菲舍尔波伊尔女士最近承认，为达到10%目标，欧洲将不得不至少进口所需生物燃料的1/3。政治家担心其将妨碍本地产业的发展，而持续产生新排放物

31、的“绿色”燃料跨越大西洋不远千里地运来，却不是来自隔壁的农场。这样的进口可能使生物燃料在其他方面也远远达不到环保例如，如果东南亚的雨林毁于生物燃料作物的耕作。巴西拥有适于甘蔗生长的完美气候和大量耕地，数年前就开始发放补贴以鼓励用于生物燃料的甘蔗的耕作，在其标志性的农业部门部分地产生了“产能过剩”。汽车工业也牵涉进来。2003年，巴西的汽车制造商开始生产能用生物燃料驱动的弹性燃料汽车，包括本地生产的酒精。今天，该国70%的新汽车属弹性燃料车型，巴西是最大的酒精用甘蔗的生产国之一。分析家并不确定巴西的成就是否能在欧洲或其他任何地方复制。糖转换为生物燃料所需的能源比其他任何产品都少。然而在一系列令人

32、震惊的关于气候变化的报告后，更快行动起来的政治紧迫感明显增加了。意大利政府希望从2006年的零公顷起，2007年会增加到7万公顷或17万3千英亩土地用于种植生物燃料作物，2010年升至24万公顷，农民皮尼先生，已经把他25%、或18公顷的土地，转为欧洲增长最快的生物燃料作物，包括他的“搁置的”土地。他仍然有50公顷地种谷物和7公顷地种橄榄。他也发现了其他益处。在意大利过分讲究的饮食文化中，粮食作物要卖，必须卖相好，质量高干旱或酷热意味着一年绝收。相比之下燃料作物可以其貌不扬或发育矮小。“你需要更少的种子，它更容易生长，”他说。Section 2 Chinese-English Translat

33、ion（汉译英）(50 points)Translate the following passage into English.过去的一年，面对复杂多变的国际政治经济环境和艰巨繁重的国内改革发展任务，全国各族人民在中国共产党领导下，同心同德，团结奋进，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得新的重大成就。国内生产总值47.2万亿元，比上年增长9.2%；公共财政收入10.37万亿元，增长24.8%；粮食产量1.14万亿斤，再创历史新高；城镇新增就业1221万人，城镇居民人均可支配收入和农村居民人均纯收入实际增长8.4%和11.4%。我们巩固和扩大了应对国际金融危机冲击成果，实现了“十二五”时期良好开局。

34、我们也清醒地看到，我国经济社会发展仍然面临不少困难和挑战。从国际看，世界经济复苏进程艰难曲折，国际金融危机还在发展，一些国家主权债务危机短期内难以缓解。主要发达经济体失业率居高难下，增长动力不足，新兴经济体面临通货膨胀和经济增速回落的双重压力。主要货币汇率剧烈波动，大宗商品价格大幅震荡。国际贸易投资保护主义强化。从国内看，解决体制性结构性矛盾，缓解发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题更为迫切、难度更大，经济运行中又出现不少新情况新问题。答案：In the past year, facing the complicated and volatile international political

35、and economical environment, the arduous and onerous domestic reform and development tasks, all the Chinese ethnic groups, which own the same will and faith, unite and struggle together, have made great achievements on reform and opening up and socialist modernization construction under the leadershi

36、p of Chinese Communist Party.The gross domestic product reached 47.2 trillion, with a growth rate of 9.2% than last year, while the public financial revenue reached 10.37 trillion , with a growth rate of 24.8% than last year. The total volume of grain product reached 1.14 trillion catty, breaking th

37、e highest historical record. The newly increased urban jobs is 12.21 million, the per capita disposable income of city resident and the net income of rural resident rose by 8.4% and 11.4% respectively. We have consolidated and broadened the achievements of handling the global financial crisis, and h

38、ave made a good start of Twelfth Five-Year period.We have also recognized clearly that Chinas economical and social development still face much difficulty and challenge. View from the international point, the recovery process of world economy is difficult and meandering, the global financial crisis

39、is still spreading, the sovereign debt crisis of some countries is hard to relieve. The unemployment rate of main developed economies still stands high and their economy growing impetus is inadequate, while the new economies face the dual pressure of inflation and decline of growing speed. The main

40、currency exchange rate and the bulk commodity prices fluctuate severely. The protectionism of international trade and investment was intensified. View from the domestic point, its more urgent and difficult to relieve the organizational and structural contradiction, to address the problem of unbalanced, uncoordinated, unsustainable development. The development of economy meets more new conditions and problems.5