2022年高考英语语法精讲精练-代词和数词 .pdf

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1、新课标高三第二轮专题讲解代词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，也是考生容易出错的项目，因为代词具有较大灵活性。考生在做代词选择填空时最容易犯的错误是1）机械地套用语法规则；2）用汉语思维去分析题意。 从高考考查情况看，高考考查最多的是不定代词，因为不定代词是整个代词中最为活跃的部分，其次是名词性物主代词和反身代词。单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格I you he she it we you they 宾格me you him her it us You them 物主代词形容词性my your his her its our your their 名词性mine

2、 yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反身代词myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 指示代词this that such these those such 相互代词宾格each other one another 所有格each other s one another s不定代词可数one each, many, (a) few ,both, another, either., neither 不可数much, (a) little 可数不可数any o

3、ther all some 复合不定代词anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing 疑问代词who whom whose which what 连接代词who whom whose which what （参见第九讲）关系代词who whom whose which that （参见第十一讲）1.人称代词 在句中作主语用主格，在句中作宾语,则用宾格；She teaches them physics. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -

4、 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 33 页 在句中作表语常用宾格；Who is it? It s me.但有时要用主格：It was I who told him the whole story. 在强调句型中,强调的是主语,故 I 用主格。 两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是：单数按 2，3，1 人称排列，复数按1，2， 3 人称顺序排列。you, she and I ; we, you and they 2.物主代词 形容词性物主代词只能作宾语We love our motherland. 名词性物主代词可用作主语,表语和宾语Your coat is blac

5、k while mine is red. 3.反身代词 用作宾语、表语，或主语、宾语的同位语He teaches himself Japanese every evening.（宾语）She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。 （表语）I myself can repair the bike. （主语的同位语） 常用含有反身代词的惯用语归纳by oneself= alone 独自for oneself 独立、为自己be oneself 处于正常状态 ,显得自然enjoy oneself 玩得愉快seat oneself坐下dress oneself in

6、 给自己穿devote oneself to 专心于、献身于help oneself to 自行取用、不用客气come to oneself 苏醒make oneself at home 不要客气4.指示代词 this 和 that 是近指 , that 和 those 是远指I don t want this book. I want that one.有时为了避免重复，常用that/ those 来代表前面出现过的名词At this time of year ， the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing. this 和 tha

7、t 都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词,指代前面的用that 指代较后面精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 33 页的用 this；但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this，不能用that。此外，还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数或不可数名词，且后面带有of 短语修饰。Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中 this=wealth; that=health) They can

8、t afford it. That/this is their problem. What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.( 此句中 this 不能用 that 替换 ) The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou. such 的用法such 一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时 ,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后。Such is my answer. Such are the results of the exams. I have nev

9、er seen such beautiful flowers. 用作定语时 ,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such 之后 such a good book。5.相互代词在句中可作宾语They help each other and learn from each other. 加s后成为所有格,作定语They asked about one another s life and work.6.不定代词不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别。为了便于记忆我们择其重点以表格的形式列出。不定代词区别例句one, some，any 和 it one 可以泛指人或者事（东西） ，其复数为one

10、s。 We ve been looking at the houses but haven t found _ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 33 页some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等

11、。Your coffee smells great! It s from Mexico . Would you like _? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时， some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? _way as you please. A.Each B.Ev

12、ery C.Any D.Either one 指同类中的一个，it 指代同一种类的东西。记住下列三点区别：it =the /this/ my +单数名词one =a/an+单数名词 it 代替特定的单数名词one 代替不特定的单数名词 one 之前加上定冠词the可以表示特指，one 前如有形容词修饰,之前还可以加上不定冠词 ,但是it 之前既不能加冠词也不能加形容词修饰。此外 it 还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? No, I d r

13、ather buy in the bookstore.A.it;oneB.one;one C.one;it D.it;it This film is an interesting one. Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best. some 多用于肯定句， any多用于疑问句和否定句。 There s _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a li

14、ttle,any We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _. A.none B.either C.any D.each He doesn t have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 33 页each 和every each 强调个别， 代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every

15、强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points. all 和 both both 指两个人或物 ,而 all 指三个以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主语，宾语,表语 ,同位语和定语 Which of the two books will you

16、take? I ll take _and I think _of them is very important to me. A. either; neither B. neither; both C. both; either D. either; both Which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most? _.They are both cheap and of great importance. A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All 注意： both, all, each, every 以及由

17、every 构成的不定代词出现在否定句中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定：All of them dont like music=Not all of them like music. 他们并不都喜欢音乐。要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing， nobody 等。Neither of them doesn t like music.他们俩都不喜欢音乐。None of them don t like the music.他们都不喜欢音乐。none 和 no no 等于 not any，作定语。none 作主语或宾语， 代替不可数名词，谓语用单数

18、，代替可数名词， 谓语单复数皆可。There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. other 和another other 泛指“另外的， 别的”常与其 他 词 连 用 ， the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。Both

19、 sides have accused of breaking the contract. A. another B. the other C. neither D. each Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. another 指“又一个，另一个”，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”。We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun ，so let s have _ one this month. A. the other B. s

20、ome C. another D. other The trousers are too long, please give me another pair /some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 33 页either 和neither 前者意思为： 两者中任何一方都；后者意思为：两者都不。Do you want tea or coffee? _,I really dont mind. A. none

21、B. neither C. either D. all It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neitherC. both D. each few 和 little; a few 和 a little few 和 little 表示没有多少 ,含否定意义 ,而 a few 和 a little表示一些 ,有几个 ,含肯定意义.另外 , few 与 a few 修饰可数名词, little与 a little 修饰不可数名词

22、。此外quite a few , quite a little 意思是“不少 , 相当多的”。The old man knows a little English. Few of them can speak Russian. 7.it 的用法用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事情。This bike is not mine. It s Peter s.用以代替提示代词this, that What is this? It s a pen.Whose book is that? It s Mike s. 起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物Who is knocking at the door? It

23、s me. Who is making such a noise. It must be the children. 指环境情况等。It was very quiet at the moment. 指时间，季节，天气，气候等What time is it? It is eight o clock.It often rains in summer. 指距离It is five kilometers from the office to my home. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 33 页It is a long wa

24、y to the factory. 作形式主语和形式宾语当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it 作句子的形式主语It is not easy to finish the work in two days. It is not a good habit to stay up late. It is no use crying over split milk. It i s a pity that you didn t read the book.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词 ,宾语从句时 ,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用 it 作形式宾语 ,放在宾语补足语

25、之前I think it no use arguing with him. I found it very interesting to study English. He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 注意： see to it that （务必）和take it for granted that（想当然）句型中的it，以及词组 make it（做事成功，搞定）中的it。用于强调结构（详见第十二讲）要强调句子的某一部分( 通常是主语 , 状语 , 宾语 ), 可以把it 当作先行词 . 这种句子的结构是“I

26、t is(was)+ 被强调部分 +that (who )+ 句子的其余部分” . 如果强调的部分是人,可用 who whom 代替 that I met an old friend in the park yesterday. 此句各部分被强调后句型如下：It was I who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday. It was an old friend who/ that/whom I met in the park yesterday. It was in the park that I met an old friend ye

27、sterday. It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the park. Our neighbors gave_ _a baby bird yesterday that hurt_ _when it fell from its nest. A. us, it B. us, itself C. ourselves, itself D. ourselves, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 33 页it To save class time, our teacher ha

28、s _ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for homework. A. us B. we C. our D. ours 【解析】答案为A。us students 是同位结构。 us是宾语， students为 us的同谓语，又如：tell us all。Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are _. A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers 【

29、解析】答案为 B。 在句中作表语， 指“ 他的邮票和她的邮票” 用 his and her (=his stamps and her stamps)。Who called me this morning when I was out? A man calling _ Robert. A. him B. himself C. his D.不填【解析】答案为B。因为“ call sb./oneself+ 某名”就是“叫某人/ 自称某名字”；句意是“一个自称罗伯特的人”，用himself。Isn t it amazing how the human body heals _ after an inj

30、ury?A. himself B. him C. itself D. it 【解析】答案为C。itself 指代前面的the human body。He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller. When was _? _ was in 2000 when he was still in college.A. that; This B. this; It C. it; This D. that; It 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 3

31、3 页【解析】答案为D。that 可以指代过去的情况,下句是强调句型的省略形式=it was in 2000 when he was still in college he got his first book published. Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street? Victoria Street? _ is where the Grand Theatre is.A. Such B. There C. That D. This 【解析】答案为C。that 代替上下文提到的地方。The English spoken in the U

32、nited States is only slightly different from _ spoken in England. A. which B. what C. that D. the one 【解析】答案为C。that 用来指代前面的名词The English,以避免重复。题意是“ 美国英语现和英国英语只有很微小的差别了。” 在英语中， that 还常可以用来指代人口、天气、金钱等。如：The weather here is hotter than that in the north of the country. Little joy can equal _ of a surpr

33、ising ending when you read stories. A. that B. those C. any D. some 【解析】答案为A。因为替代前面的不可数名词（little） joy，所以用that,而不是 those。此外指示代词“this 和 that”还可以用作副词修饰形容词，相当于“so” 。Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasnt always _ much to do. A. such B. that C. more D. very 【解析】答案为B。much 前用 so, 不

34、用 such。口语中，常用that 来代替 so。If you cant decide which of the two books to borrow, why dont you take _? I wont read them this week. A. all B. any C. either D. both 【解析】答案为D。由前后语境来看，应是建议对方将两本书都拿去看。You may drop in or just give me a call. _ will do. A. Either B. Each C. Neither D. All 【解析】答案为A。由前句可知是指两者中的“任

35、何一个”，用either。Of all the books on the desk, _ is of any use for our study. A. nothing B. no one C. neither D. none 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 33 页It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neitherC. both D. each

36、 【解析】答案为B。neither 表示“两者都不”，句意：在父母都不懂英语的家庭里学习英语，对于他来讲是很困难的。The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5000 to _ who can capture the tiger alive or dead. A. both B. others C. anyone D. another 【解析】答案为C。根据句意“谁能捕获那只老虎，无论死活，市长将给赏金5000 美元”应选 C 项。其它三个选项均与题意不符。Theres _ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go t

37、o the corner store and get _? A. little; some B. little; any C. a little; some D. a little; any 【解析】答案为A。因为在Would you ? 等表示请求、劝请或建议之类的问句中，一般用 some ；又由后文“买些油”可知，家里“没有油”了，所以用little。句意：家里没有油了，请你到附近的店子里买些回来好吗？Would you like _, sir? No, thanks. I have had much.A. some more oranges B. any more oranges C.

38、some more orange D. any more orange 【解析】 答案为 A。由答语中的much 可知， 对话中的orange是指 “ 桔子汁 ” 而非 “ 桔子 ” ，是不可数名精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 33 页词，没有复数形式，排除选项A 和 B；在劝请的疑问名中用some不用 any，排除选项 D。 I m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _ in the city. A. ones B

39、. one C. that D. those 【解析】答案为C。选项中只有that 能替代不可数名词the air。one 替代“ a单数可数名词”，表示泛指。特指的the one相当于 that；the one复数形式the ones，在口语中也常用those代替；当后面有of 短语时，一般用that 或 those，当有前置修饰语时，只能用one(s)，如 the red one。one(s), the one(s), those, that 都是替代“同类”事物，其中只有that 可替代不可数名词。 We ve been l ooking at houses but haven t fo

40、und _we like yet. A. one B. ones C. it D. them 【解析】答案为A。one =a house, 指我们喜欢的那一类房子。 Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A. one B. ones C. it D. those 【解析】答案为B。 替代泛指的名词复数problems，用 ones 。those是替代特的 “the + 复数名词 ” 的。 My most famous relative of all, _ w

41、ho really left his mark onAmerica, was Rob Sussel, my great-grandfather. A. one B. the one C. he D. someone 【解析】答案为B。由语境可判断是特指，且作My most famous relative of all 的同位语，用 the one。 There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? No, I d rather buy in the bookstore. A. it; one B

42、. one; one C. one; it D. it; it 【解析】答案为A。it 指代前面的a copy of the book,后面的意思是：我要到书店去买一本（不是特指哪一本） 。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 33 页I think hes just going to deal with this problem _ day. A. next B. other C. following D. another 【解析】答案为 D。 表示“改天”用another day。 但表示相对于过去或将来某天来说的“第二

43、天”时，用 the next day 或 the following day 都可以。No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of _. A. others B. the other C. either D. another 【解析】答案为B。由 neither 可知，谈话双方都不同意对方的条件，这个“ 对方 ” 是特指的另一方，所以用the other。The manager believes prices will not rise by more than _ f

44、our percent. A. any other B. the other C. another D. other 【解析】答案为C。题干上的意思应该是“ 价格不会再增长超过4% ”。any other “其他另外的”。 the other“两者中第二者”。another “另外， 又” ，放在数词前面。 other 表示 “ 另外 ” ，和 more 一样，要放在数字的后面。 One week s time has been wasted. I can t believe we did all that work for _.A. something B. nothing C. every

45、thing D. anything 【解析】 答案为 B。因为 for nothing 是习语， 意为 “ 徒劳、 没有好结果 ” 、“ 免费 ” ，句意是：我简直不敢相信我们所做的一切都是徒劳的。 She doesn t know anyone here. She has got _to talk to. A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one 【解析】 答案为 D。因为“在这里， 她谁都不认识”，所以“她没有人可以交谈”。no one = nobody = not any one没有一个人。 I made so many changes in

46、my composition that only I could read it. To _ else, it was hard to make out. A. none B. everyone C. someone D. anyone 【解析】答案为D。意为除了我以外，“ 其他任何人 (anyone else)”都很难懂。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 33 页 I d like some more cheese. Sorry, there s _ left.A. some B. noneC. a little D.

47、 few 【解析】答案为B。none 既可以修饰可数名词，表示“ 一个也不，一个也没有 ” ；也可以修饰不可数名词，表示“ 一点也不，一点也没有” 。在本题中指代不可数名词cheese 。本题的意思是：我想再来点奶酪。抱歉，一点都没有了。A 项some表示 “ 一些 ” ，C 项 a little 表示 “ 有一点 ” ， 修饰不可数名词D 项 few 表示 “ 几乎没有 ” ，修饰可数名词。 If I can help_, I dont like working late into the night. A. so B. that C. it D. them 【解析】答案为C。if I ca

48、n help it 意为 “ 如果我有办法” ，表示有办法做某事，或有办法控制某个局面。 所提供的情景I don t like working late into the night说明如果有办法，不喜欢工作到深夜。so 意为 “ 这样 ” ，常用于省略句中，代替上文中的动作。that 用于代替上文的内容。 I d appreciate _ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. A. that B. it C. this D. you 【解析】答案为B。it 指代用来泛泛地指某事，可用于如I like/hate it, I

49、 appreciate it等类似的句子。表示喜欢/憎恨和赞赏某事。数词分为两种：基数词（表示数目）和序数词（表示顺序）。功能例句主语Two of them are teachers.定语There are fifty students in our class.宾语Give me two.表语Im eighteen now.同位语You may leave it to us two.状语This room is one-sixth larger than that one.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 33 页数词

50、不是高考的常考点。但是除了了解数词常见的表达方式外，还有下列重点内容需要注意。1.dozen 和 score 的复数形式应注意以下几点： dozen 表示：一打，十二个，score 表示：二十； 当 dozen 与数词，或 many， several 等连用时，不加“ s”， 所修饰的名词前常省去“of”；score则不然。two dozen pencils 两打铅笔two score of pencils 四十支铅笔dozens of people=scores of people 许多人 当后面的名词前有these， “ those ，“ them ， us等词时 , dozen 后应加