英语专四词汇辨析.doc
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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语专四词汇辨析英语专四词汇辨析anger, indignation, fury, wrath这些名词均含“愤怒”之意。1.anger :普通用词,通常指因受到侮辱、损害、指责或顶撞等而引起的愤怒。例如:She is swift to anger. (她爱生气。) He is quivering with anger. (他气得全身发抖。)2.indignation
2、:较正式用词,指出于正义或对不公正之事而发出的愤怒。例如:The news aroused the great indignation. (这消息激起了极大的愤慨。)3.fury :语气最强,指极端的气愤,甚至达到发疯的程度。例如:He flew into a fury and said that the whole thing was disgusting.(他勃然大怒,说这一切令人作呕。)4.wrath :文学用词,含义与anger相近,但语气强,含欲加惩罚或报复的意味。例如:His silence marked his wrath.(他的沉默表明了他的愤怒。)这些动词均有“任命,委派”之
3、意。1.appoint :通常指不经过选择的官方委任。例如:He was appointed secretary.(他被任命为秘书。)2.designate :书面用语,侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命,有时含强行指定的意味。例如:The chairman has designated her as his successor. (主席已指定她作为他的接班人。)3.assign :常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。例如:The captain assigned two soldiers to guard the gate.(上尉派了两个士兵守大门。)4.name :普通用词,着重任命的
4、结果,而不是过程。例如:The President named him to be Secretary of State.(总统任命他为国务卿。)5.nominate :通常指为某一公职选择候选人,并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。例如:I nominate Bill as the club president.(我提名比尔为俱乐部主席候选人。)apparent, obvious, evident, clear, plain, distinct, definite, manifest这些形容词均含“清楚的,明白的,明显的”之意。1.apparent :强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词ap
5、pear派生而来,故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。例句:The apparent truth was really a lie.(表面上看似实话,实际上是个谎言。)2.obvious :语气较强,指极为明显,有目共睹,无需说明和论证。例句:You shouldnt tell such obvious lies.(你不该说如此明显的谎话。)3.evident :指根据事实成为显然的。例句:This fact is too evident to require proof.(这事实很明显,用不着证明。)4.clear :普通用词,侧重清楚明白。例句:He gave us a very cle
6、ar explanation.(他给我们做了非常清楚的解释。)5.plain :普通用词,含义与clear很接近,可通用,但plain着重简单明了,不复杂。例句:The plain truth is that he doesnt like you.(说白了,他不喜欢你。)6.distinct :较正式用词,指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确,不会弄错。例句:There is a distinct improvement in your spoken English.(你的英语口语有明显的进步。)7.definite :语气肯定,着重明白无误,无可怀疑。例句:We demand a definite
7、 answer.(我们要求明确的答案。)8.manifest :语义较强,书面用词,强调一目了然,暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。例句:It was their manifest failure to modernize the countrys industries.(他们使国家进行工业现代化,明显失败了。)apparatus, instrument, device, equipment, tool, implement, appliance, facilities这些名词均有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”之意。1.apparatus :既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械,又
8、可指它们的总称。The astronauts have special breathing apparatus. (宇航员有特殊的呼吸装置。)2.instrument :通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器,尤指电工仪表、测量装置,航海或航空用的控制装置。Thanks for the accurate instrument, which helps the sailors to avoid the submerged reef.(多亏了这个精密仪器才使得水手们避开了暗礁。)3.device :多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。A comput
9、er is a device for processing information. (电脑是用来处理信息的。)4.equipment :多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。We must fit the expedition out with the best equipment. (我们必须向探险队提供最好的装备。)5. tool :一般指进行特种工作的手工工具,也可指人造使用动力的工具,还可作引申用。I have a complete set of carpenters tools. (我有全套的木工工具。)The king was just the tool of the
10、 military government. (国王只是军政府的一个傀儡。)(引申)6.implement :原指史前人类所用的工具,现在多指农用工具,也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.(在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。)7.appliance :侧重指家用机器或设备,尤指家用电器。Dish washer is one of the appliances. (洗碗机是家用电器的一种。)8.facilities :常用复数形式,指可供使用的设备或设施。Facilities to the huma
11、ns needs and other delicate cares in the station reflect the thorough care from the Metro.(在车站的各种人性化设施和体贴入微的小细节,都反映出了政府无微不至的关怀。)anything but, nothing but, all but, none but这些短语均由代词加前置词but(除开)构成,但含义各不相同。1.anything but :(=not at all, by no means, never)表示“决不,根本不”。例如:She is anything but a beauty.(她一点也不
12、漂亮。)2.nothing but :(=only)表示“只不过,除了以外什么也没有”。例如:They did nothing but complain.(他们只知道抱怨。)3.all but :(=almost, nearly)表示“几乎,差一点”。例如:She all but fainted when she heard the news.(听到那消息,她差点晕过去。)4.none but :(=no one except)表示“只有;除外谁也不”。例如:None but my mother fully understands my condition.(最了解我的情况的人不是别人正是我的
13、母亲。)answer, reply, respond, retort这些动词均有“回答”之意。1.answer :常用词,指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。例如:In answer to these questions I either nodded or made strange noises.(在回答这些问题的过程中,我要么就点头,要么就发出奇怪的叫声。)2.reply :较正式用词,较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。例如:The officer replied the guards salute by a nod.(那位军官点一点头以回答卫兵的敬礼。)3
14、.respond :正式用词,指即刻的,以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应或回应。例如:I struck him a crack and he responded with a kick.(我啪的打了他一下,他踢回了一脚。)4.retort :指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答,即“反驳”。例如:He retorted the invective on her.(他用恶言讽刺还击她。)anxiety, worry, care, concern这些名词均含“焦虑、关心”之意。1.anxiety :指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。例如:Theres a lot of anx
15、iety among the staff about possible job losses.(工作人员都很忧虑,担心可能失业。)2.worry :侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。例如:She is always worrying about little things.她老是为小事烦恼。3.care :强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。例如:The captain cares the safety of both the crew and the passengers.(船长为船员和旅客们的安全操心。)4.concern :作“关心”用时,是indifference(冷漠)的反义词,侧重对他人
16、健康、安全等的关心,也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。例如:Our losses are beginning to concern me.(我们的损失使我担心起来。)anxious, eager, keen这些形容词均有“急切的,渴望的”之意。1.anxious :强调因忧虑、关注或害怕而产生的急切心情。例如:They are really anxious for peace.(他们确实渴望和平。)2.eager :侧重于急于成功的迫切心情。例如:He was eager after knowledge.(他渴求知识。)3.keen :强调因兴趣强烈或欲望而急于做某事。例如:The boy
17、is keen to go to sea.(这孩子很想去航海。)announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish这些动词均含“宣布,公开”之意。1.announce :多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。例如:They announced that a cold wave would come soon. 他们报告说不久寒流就要来。2.declare :侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。例如:He declared that the meeting has been postponed.(他宣布会
18、议已延期了。)3.proclaim :指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针,语体比announce正式。例如:The government has proclaimed a new law.(政府已公布了一项新法令。)4.pronounce :词义与announce,declare接近,但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。例如:Has judgment been pronounced yet? (判决宣布了吗?)5.advertise :指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意,有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。例如:It is unwise of them to advertise their
19、willingness to make concessions at the negotiations.(他们宣扬愿意在谈判中让步, 这是不明智的。)6.broadcast :专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。例如:The radio broadcast the news in detail.(无线电台详细地广播了那则消息。)7.publish :专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。例如:The only daily newspaper in the city did not publish yesterday because of a strike.(昨天市内惟一的日报因罢工而没出版。
20、)almost, nearly, about, approximately, roughly这些副词均有“大约,差不多”之意。1.almost :指在程度上相差很小,差不多。例如:In his blind haste he almost ran into the river.他匆匆忙忙地几乎跑到河里去了。(nearly与almost含义基本相同,侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。)例如:The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water.那球重重地打在他身上,他几乎掉下水去。2.about :常可分almost和nearl
21、y换用,但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时,实际数量可能多也可能少。例如:She died about two years ago.她大约在两年前就死了。3.approximately :多用于书面语,指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。例如:this is just an approximate figure.这仅是个大概数字。4.roughly :指按精略估计,常代替about。例如:He roughly outlined the plot of the opera.他粗略地概述了歌剧的情节。aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object这些名词
22、均有“目标、目的”之意。1.aim :从本义“靶子”引申而来,侧重比较具体而明确的目标,但常指短期目标。例如:You aim too low. (你志向太低。)2.goal :指经过考虑和选择,需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。例如:When he at last arrived in Rome he felt he had reached his goal.(当他终于抵达罗马时, 他感到自己已达到了目的。)3.purpose :普通用词,既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的,又指心中渴望要实际的目标。例如:He returned to his homeland with the pur
23、pose of serving his own people.(他返回祖国, 意在为祖国人民服务。)4.end :指心目中怀着的某种目的,强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。例如:Do the ends justify the means?(只要目的正当就可以不择手段吗?)5.target :指射击的靶,军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。例如:Whats the target readership of this paper? (这份报纸以哪些人为读者对象?)6.object :强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。例如:Our object is to get at the truth.
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