非谓语动词现在分词和过去分词的用法.doc
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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date非谓语动词现在分词和过去分词的用法非谓语动词(现在分词/过去分词的具体用法)非谓语动词(现在分词/过去分词的具体用法)Step1:分词的语法意义:(1)分词是非谓语动词,不可以单独作谓语.(2)它具有动词、形容词、副词的特征.A:当它具备动词特征时可有自己的宾语,也可带状语构成分词短语.B:当它具备形容词的特点时,可在句中作定语、宾语补足语和状语,还可以构成独立结构.
2、C:当它具有副词特征时,可在句中作状语,也可构成独立结构.Step2:分类:分词按语法功能可分为现在分词和过去分词两种.Step3:构成:现在分词v+-ing(即v-ing形式);过去分词:V+-ed(即v-ed形式).一,分词作定语的用法.(一)现在分词作定语的用法.特点:(1)单个现在分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰词的后面.(2)若是现在分词短语作定语时,则放在它所修饰词的后面.(3)现在分词作定语,意思表示“正在-的”或“即将-的”或“令人-的”.(4)与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系,或者表是表示正在进行的动作.E g: The studentraised a confusingquesti
3、on.(表示:令人费解/困惑的) 主语 及物动词 定语 宾语译文:这个学生提出一个令人困惑的问题.E g: The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.(表示:即将退休的)定语译文:这位即将退休的老师步入教室.E g: The aging father found it hard to solve this tough problem.(表示:年华正在老去的)定语译文:这位日渐年迈的父亲发现很难解决这个棘手的问题.E g: The man talking to a stranger loudly is our English teacher.(
4、表示:主动和正在进行)现在分词作后置定语译文:正在和一位谋生人大声交谈的那个人是我们的英语老师.(二)过去分词作定语的用法.特点:(1)单个过去分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰词的后面.(2)若是过去分词短语作定语时,则放在它所修饰词的后面.(3)过去分词作定语,意思表示“感到-的”或“受到-的”.(4)与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系,或者表示:已经完成的动作.E g: The retired soldier passed away last year.(表示:已经退休的或者动作已经完成)定语译文:那个退役的军人上个月去世了.E g: The wounded soldier was sent to
5、the hospital immediately.(表示:受伤的或者动定语经完成).译文:那位受伤的士兵被立刻送往医院.E g: Give me someboiled water to drink.(表示:已经煮开过的或者动作已经完成)定语译文:给我弄点白开水喝.练习:He is sweeping(falling; fallen) leaves in the (falling; fallen) rain.译文:他在雨中扫落叶.二,分词作表语的用法.(一)现在分词作表语的用法.特点:单个现在分词作表语时,多表示主语所具有的特征.一般放在系动词be/ become/look/sound/smell
6、/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成:“-的”.E g: The English speech contest is really exciting.(表示:令人兴奋的) 表语译文:这次英语演讲比赛很令人兴奋. E g: The naughty baby is verytiring.(表示:令人累的) 表语译文:这个调皮的孩子真是累人.E g: The food smellsso inviting.(表示:令人诱惑的) 表语译文:这食物闻起来很诱人.E g: This once-in-a-blue-moon experience is really t
7、hrilling.(表示:令人刺激的)译文:这次难得的经历真扣人心弦.(二)过去分词作表语的用法.特点:单个过去分词作表语时,多表示主语所处的状态.一般放在系动词be/ become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成:“-的”.E g: I wasbored by her endless bragging.(表示:感到枯燥、厌倦的).译文:她不停地吹嘘,我烦透了.E g: Im really interested in making a speech in English in public.(表示:感到有趣的)译文
8、:我对在公共场合用英文演讲非常感兴趣.E g: I felt confused about this matter.(表示:感到费解、迷惑的)译文:我对这件事情很费解.总结:并非所有的分词均可当形容词对待.有些分词不能翻译成“-的”.Killed:不能译成“感到杀的”Killing:不能译成“令人杀的”Writing:不能译成“令人写的”Written:不能译成“感到写的”此类分词,只能置于be动词之后,不可置于连系动词(become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear)等后面,不可视为是形容词,而视为动词的进行时或被动语态.E g: He was murd
9、ered last night.(表示:一般过去式的被动语态)译文:他昨晚被谋杀了.E g: I cant believe you didnt have a written contract.译文:我简直不敢相信,你居然没有一份书面合同.三,分词作宾语补足语的用法.(一)现在分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点:现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后,现在分词一般强调动作正在进行,主动,与物有关.方法:(1)宾补的动词若为及物动词,后面一定接宾语,共同作宾补.(2)宾补的动词为不及物动词,一律用现在分词.(3)宾语与宾补之间为主动关系.(4)宾补的动作在逻辑上是由宾语来完成的.E g: I
10、 heard some girls gossiping about you. 宾语补足语译文:我听到一些女孩子在说你的闲话.E g: I found him killing cockroaches宾语补足语译文:我发现他正在杀蟑螂.E g: I saw him coming out of the office just now. 宾语补足语译文:我刚才看见他正在从办公室出来.(二)过去分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点:现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后,过去分词一般强调被动,完成,与人有关.方法:(1)宾补的动词为及物动词,后面不可接宾语(2.)宾语与宾补之间为被动关系,宾补与前面
11、的宾语构成动宾关系.(3)宾补的动作不是由宾语自身完成.E g: I found the cockroaches killed.(过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文:我发现那些蟑螂被人杀了.E g: I had my walletrobbed in the street this morning.(过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文:今天早上在街上我的钱包被人抢了.(三)由介词with引导的复合结构中,分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点:置于句首或句尾,常用来修饰句中的主语,以表示主语所处的状况,通常为大动作附带小动作时,大动作以句子的动词表示,而小动作则使用with复合结构.(1) with +宾语+宾补(过
12、去分词充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示被动和完成.E g: He stood there with his arms folded.译文:他双臂交叉站在那里.E g: He sat there with his eyes closed.译文:他双眼闭着坐在那儿.(2) with +宾语+宾补(现在分词充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示主动和正在进行.E g: He talked to me with his legs shaking译文:他和我说话时两腿发抖.E g: A: Come on, Please give me some ideas about the project. B: Sorr
13、y. With so much work filling my mind, I almost break down.(3) with +宾语+宾补(动词不定式充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示将要发生或没有完成.E g: With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the manager felt worried all the time.译文:由于很多的难题没有得到解决,经理一直很担忧.(4) with +宾语+宾补(介词短语充当).特点:表示宾语所处的状态.E g: He talked to me with a pipe in his mouth.
14、译文:他和我说话时嘴里叼着烟斗.四,分词作状语的用法.(一)现在分词作状语的用法.特点:(1)现在分词短语作状语时刻表示原因、方式、伴随、结果、或条件等.此时它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致.(2)现在分词一般式,若现在分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,或者紧接发生,也可在该短语前加上when或while; (3)现在分词的完成时,若现在分词短语表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生.(4)若现在分词短语的逻辑主语(即句子的主语)发出该动作,则就是主动语态.(5)若现在分词短语的逻辑主语(句子的主语)承受了该动作,那么就用它的被动式.E g: We often provide our
15、children with toys, footballs or basketballs,thinking that all children like these things.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语,而且句子的主语是thinking的执行者).译文:我们考虑到孩子们都喜欢这些东西,通常给孩子提供玩具;足球和篮球. E g: Daddy didnt mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, having fun.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语,而且句子的主语we是having的执行者).译文:只要我们能在一起共享乐趣,爸爸不会
16、介意我们在做什么.E g: The storm left, having causeda lot of damage to this area.(说明:分词的逻辑主语为the storm,故用现在分词表示主动,因为是造成破坏之后离开的,所以用现在完成时态,在句中作时间状语从句)可以改写为:After it had caused a lot of damage to this area, the storm left.E g:Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many
17、plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(说明:separate from 与主句主语有被动的含义,并且先于主句谓语动词,因此用现在分词完成时的被动语态)E g: Oil prices have risen by 32percent since the start of the year, reaching a record57.65 a barrel on April 4.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语)译文:自从今年开始油价已经上涨了32,在4月份达到每桶57.65这个记录.E g: The manager,
18、 having madeit clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room.(现在分词的完成时态表示动作发生在主句的动作之前).E g: Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer careless, always saying the same thing.译文:无论什么时候他被问到为什么他会上课迟到,他总是粗心地答复,说着同样的话.E g: He is a student at OxfordUniversity, studyi
19、ng for a degree in computer science.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语)E g: He was busy writing a story,only stoppingonce in a while to smoke a cigarette.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语)译文:他那时忙于写一个故事,只是偶尔停下来抽支烟.E g:Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.译文:我们参观了水立方后,又被
20、带去参观了为20XX年奥运会准备的鸟巢.E g: Not realizingthat he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.(主语Eric与realize 构成主动关系,因此用realizing,v-ing形式前加not表示否定)练习题:1,in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A: Waiting B: To wait C: Having waited D: To
21、 have waited2, in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.A: To walk B: Walking C: Walked D: Having walked3, their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.A: To throw B: Thrown C: Throwing B: Being thrown4, We had an anxious couple o
22、f weeks for the results of the experiment.A: wait B: to be waiting C: waited D: waiting.5, that she was going off to sleep , I asked if shes like that little doll on her bed.A: Seeing B: To see C: See D: Seen.6, The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanketthe desert.A: Covering B: Covered C: C
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