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1、精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除Takingitsmedicine.自尝苦果。Adruggiantcoughsuptosettlebriberycharges.一个制药巨头被迫出钱就撤销行贿指控与司法部达成和解。INAMERICA,itwasoncecommonfordrugfirmstoofferdoctorsperkstoencouragethemtoprescribetheirpills.Regulatorsnowfrownonsuchiffysalestechniques,anddrugfirmshavemoreorlessstoppedusingthem.Butine

2、mergingmarkets,itisadifferentstory,asasettlementonAugust7thbetweenAmericasDepartmentofJusticeandPfizer,abigAmericandrugfirm,madeclear.在美国，制药公司给医生回扣鼓励他们开处方时使用该公司生产的药物曾是很常见的事。现在相关管理部门开始禁止这样不规范的销售技巧，因此一些制药公司也或多或少不再使用这种技巧。8月7日，美国大型制药公司辉瑞就海外贿赂行为与美国司法部达成了和解，此事正好表明新兴市场的情况与美国的有所不同。InChinaPfizerestablishedac

3、lubthatprovidedhigh-prescribingdoctorswithallkindsofentertainmentundertheguiseofattendingconferences.InKazakhstanPfizerawardedanexclusivedistributiondealtoalocalfirmafteritwastoldtherewasnootherwaytosecuregovernmentapprovalforaPfizerproduct.辉瑞公司在中国成立了一个俱乐部，该俱乐部以开会的名义邀请那些开药量较大的医生参加各种娱乐活动。辉瑞公司还与哈萨克斯坦一

4、家当地公司签订了独家经销协议，因为此前辉瑞得知，除此之外没有其他的办法可以获得哈萨克斯坦政府对辉瑞制药的批准。UnfortunatelyforPfizer,suchactsviolatedtheForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA),anAmericanlawthatcriminalisesbriberyabroad.Doctorsinmanyofthecountriesinquestionarestateemployees,makingthegiftsbribestogovernmentofficials.ThisweekPfizeragreedtopayafine

5、tosettlecorruptionchargesandtodisgorgerelatedillegallyearnedprofitstotheSecuritiesandExchangeCommission.Thesettlement,whichwillcostit$60morso,coverssimilaroffencescommittedbyWyeth,anotherdrugfirm,beforeitwasacquiredbyPfizerin2009.不幸的是，辉瑞的这些行为违反了美国专门用来定罪海外行贿的反海外腐败法(FCPA)。受到质疑的多国医生都是国家机关的工作人员，于是这些礼物也就

6、成了贿赂政府官员的赃物。本周，辉瑞公司为了了结腐败指控同意支付罚款，并愿意向美国证券交易委员会上缴相关非法所得利润。辉瑞公司进行此次和解将需要花费六千万美元左右，这笔费用还包括了对惠氏公司贿赂行为的罚款，惠氏制药公司于2009年被辉瑞公司收购，此前它也曾涉嫌海外贿赂。Johnson&Johnson,anotherbigdrugmaker,paid$70mlastyeartosettlecivilandcriminalbriberycharges.OnAugust6thTeva,anIsraelifirmthatistheworldslargestgenericdrugmaker,saiditw

7、asco-operatingwithSECinvestigators.Indeed,eightoftheworldstenbiggestdrugfirmshavewarnedofpotentialcostsrelatedtochargesofcorruptioninmarketsabroad,accordingtoReuters.SoPfizersbehaviourseemstohavebeennormalfortheindustry,notanaberration.去年，另一家大型制药公司强生因民事和刑事行贿受到指控，并为达成和解花费了七千万美元。今年8月6日，世界上最大的学名药（通用名药）

8、生产公司以色列梯瓦制药工业有限公司称，它正在协助美国证券交易委员会调查员的调查工作。据路透社报道，事实上，世界上十大制药公司中有八家公司都在警惕因受控海外贪污可能造成的潜在开支。所以这样看来，辉瑞公司的行为在这个行业里并非异常。Citingthesettlement,regulatorswillcrowthattheFCPAisbeingenforcedmorevigorouslythanatanytimesinceitbecamelawin1977.Theywillalsohopethatitisevidencethattheirnewcarrot-and-stickapproachisst

9、artingtowork.Mostsuccessfulprosecutionsinthepasthavebeentheresultofwhistle-blowingoraluckybreak;regulatorshavelongsuspectedthatmanycompanieshavepubliclysupportedthelawwhileprivatelyturningablindeyetododgyactivitiesabroad,doubtlessassumingthattheywouldneverbecaught.Thenewapproachisdesignedtoencourage

10、companiestopolicethemselves,bypunishingthemonlylightlywhentheyturnthemselvesin.相关管理人员拿此次和解做文章，自鸣得意地称这是自1977年反海外腐败法(FCPA)颁布以来实施最有力的一次。同时，他们还希望此次事件能证明他们采取的软硬兼施的措施已经开始生效。以往一些控诉成功的案件不是有人揭发就是运气使然，监管者一直怀疑许多公司虽然在公开场合坚决拥护法律，但私底下却对那些海外不法行为视而不见，还相信自己永远不会被绳之以法。现在新的监管方法目的在于鼓励那些公司进行自我监督，并对他们采取坦白从宽的政策。Therelative

11、lysmallfineimposedonPfizerwastheJusticeDepartmentswayofshowingthatfirmsthatco-operatewillbetreatedleniently,saysBenHeinemanofHarvardsKennedySchoolofGovernment.Pfizerhasgoneoutofitswaytoplacateprosecutors:ithasbeenco-operatingonthecasesince2004,helpingtoidentifyillegalpracticesthroughoutitsindustry.I

12、talsooversawtheprocessthatuncoveredthemisbehaviouratWyeth.哈佛肯尼迪政治学院的BenHeineman称，此次美国司法部门对辉瑞公司罚款力度相对较轻就是为了表明会对那些协助调查的公司宽大处理。辉瑞公司早就开始煞费苦心地讨好检察官：从2004年起辉瑞就开始协助调查员调查此案，帮助其调查全行业的非法行为。辉瑞还监督了一项揭发惠氏不法行为的调查。TheregulatorshaveacceptedPfizersclaimthattheoffenceswerecommittedbylocalstaffactingwithouttheknowledg

13、eofheadofficeinAmerica.ThisfollowsAprilsdecisionbytheSECtochargeaseniorexecutiveatMorganStanley,abank,withcorruptactivityinShanghai,butnottoimposelegalpenaltiesonthebank,whichtippedoffregulatorsaboutitsrogueemployee.Afewmoreexamplesofsuchregulatoryforbearanceandperhapsbusinesswillgetthemessage.辉瑞公司称

14、，这些不法行为都是当地一些员工在美国总公司不知情的情况下做出的，监管者也接受了这一说法。在此前的四月，美国证券交易委员会控告摩根史坦利投资银行的一位高管在上海涉嫌贪污。但由于该银行主动向监管者揭发了员工的不法行为，因此美国证券交易委员会并未对该银行做出处罚。或许这样宽恕处理的例子再多一些，企业就能更好地领会监管者的意图了。ooksandArts;BookReview;文艺；书评；ThepoliticalwaningofAmerica;美国在衰落吗？Unconvincing;不足为信；EveryNationForItself:WinnersandLosersinaG-ZeroWorld.ByIa

15、nBremmer.独自为战：G零世界的赢家与败者，作者伊恩布雷默BrazilandTurkey,oncereliablebackersofAmericasgeostrategicgoals,conspicuouslywenttheirownwayin2010whentheysoughttobrokeradealwithIranoveritsnuclearprogramme,evenasAmericapushedfornewsanctions.Theirnew-foundassertivenesswasaproductofboththeirgrowingeconomicweightandAmer

16、icasdiminishedclout.巴西和土耳其都曾经是美国地缘政治中可靠的盟友，但是2010年在美国已经对伊朗推行新的制裁政策时，这两个国家却追求以仲裁和和谈的形式让伊朗走出核危机，这标志着它们开始奉行相对独立的外交政策。这种新的魄力是它们经济增长的结果，也是美国影响力下降的结果。Thisisanexampleofwhatisinstorefortheworld,predictsIanBremmerin“EveryNationForItself”.CountrieslikeBrazilandTurkeywantthestatusofabiggerglobalrole.Butthey“ba

17、lkatassumingtherisksandburdens”thatgloballeadershipentails.Ideallyawebofmultilateralinstitutionsandlawswouldimposeorderandholdwaywardcountriesinline.ButwithAmericaunabletoafford,orunwillingtoexercise,globalleadership,andChinastillnotreadytoassumeitsresponsibilities,thereisnoonetoenforcetheserules.这就

18、是伊恩布雷默在他新著各自为战中所预言的世界。像巴西和土耳其这样的国家想要在全球政治中扮演更重要的角色。但是“他们想要避免领导全球所必须承担的风险和负担”。理想主义的观念认为，一个多元化的组织网络和法律可以带来秩序，让那些不驯服的国家服从。但是随着美国没有能力或者不愿意承担全球领导的角色，而中国目前还没有做好准备承担责任，没有一个国家可以来强制执行这些规则。Inthe1960sPresidentLyndonJohnsoncoulddivertafifthofAmericaswheatcroptoalleviatestarvationinIndia.Thatcouldnothappennow,wh

19、enbiofuelsareaggravatingfoodshortagesandexportershoardsuppliesfortheirownpeople.Globalwarming,nuclearproliferationandinternetregulationareallhardertoaddress,withtheG7andG20supplantedbywhattheauthorcallsthe“G-Zero”.20世纪60年代，总统林登约翰逊可以将美国小麦产量的五分之一用于缓解印度的饥荒。现在这根本不可能发生，因为生物燃料的发展正在造成并加剧粮食短缺现象，而且出口商们正为了他们自

20、己的人民储存粮食。随着G7和G20被被作者称为G-0的世界所代替，全球变暖、核扩散以及网络管理等都将是更难处理的问题。MrBremmer,founderofEurasiaGroup,apolitical-riskconsultancy,specialisesinbigthoughts.Hispreviousbookstackledthepaththatdevelopingcountriestravelfromautocracytodemocracy,andthegrowthofstate-sponsoredcapitalism.“EveryNationForItself”entersamore

21、crowdedfield.InnumerablebooksandessayshavealreadyplumbedtheconsequencesofAmericasloss,orpossibleloss,ofgloballeadership,withthebestprovidingeitherfreshinsightororiginalreporting.Unfortunately, “EveryNationForItself”doesneither.Itdevotesendlesspagestodescribingdisparatearenasofglobalconflict,fromcybe

22、rspacetowatershortages,butthesearelargelyarehashofheadlinesandconventionalwisdom.TheironlypurposeistoprovideMrBremmerwithrepeatedopportunitiestoassertthat“inaG-Zeroworld”suchconflictscannolongerbesolvedfromabove.布雷默是一家政治风险咨询机构欧亚集团的创始人，该机构专门从事大的战略思想研究。他的前一本书主要追述了发展中国家从专制独裁到民主的转变以及国有资本主义的增长。而这本各自为战进入了

23、一个更加拥挤的领域。已经有无数本专著和论文在探究美国衰落或者可能衰落可能会带来的结果，其中好的著作要么有创新的视角要么在原始材料方面比较突出。但是很不幸，各自为战这两方面都没有做到。作者花了大量的篇幅描述全球问题的冲突，从网络空间到水资源短缺，但是这些论述大部分只是对已经报道过的文章和传统观点进行了重新处理。它们唯一的用处只是给布雷默机会让他重复了一个观点，即在G零世界中这些冲突都不可能自上而下得到解决。MrBremmeriscertainlyrightthataworldwithoutAmericasgloballeadershipisamoredangerousplace,butheove

24、rstateshiscase.Evenwhenitstoodaloneastheworldssuperpower,Americastruggledtoimposeitswill.In1993itpulleditstroopsoutofSomaliawhenmurderouswarlordsfoileditsattemptstodeliverfoodrelieftothestarvingcountry.TheglobalgroupsthatMrBremmerimaginesoncerantheworldwereseldomthateffective.TheG7occasionallyinflue

25、ncedthedirectionofthedollarortherelationsbetweenrichcountriesandtheemergingmarkets,butmoreoftenitissuedanodyne,forgettablecommuniqus.当然，布雷默认为一个失去美国领导的世界将会更加危险，在这一点上他是正确的，但是关于这一点他却有所夸大了。即使美国独霸世界，美国也很难强制执行它的意志。1993年，当时残忍的军阀阻止美国将粮食救援输送到饥饿的国家时，美国将军队撤出了索马里。可见布雷默所认为的曾经掌控全球的各个团体事实上并没有那么有效。G7峰会偶尔会影响美元的方向或者富

26、裕国家与新兴市场之间的关系，但是更多情况下，它只是发布一些类似于止痛剂一样的公告，那些公告也很快就被会被人们抛诸脑后。NeitherAmericanorthemultilateralinstitutionsareasimpotenttodayasMrBremmerclaims.BrazilandTurkeyfailedintheirnegotiationoverIransnuclearprogramme.ThefactthatIranhasbeendraggedbacktothenegotiatingtableandMyanmarisveeringbacktowardsdemocracycon

27、tradictMrBremmersthesisthatsanctionsarebecomingeverlesseffective.HeisrightthattheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundhavebeenweakenedbyChinasgrowingpower.ButtheoppositeistruefortheWorldTradeOrganisation,whoseclouthasbeenenhancedsignificantlybythefactthatbothAmericaandChinaabidebyitsrulings.“Ever

28、yNationForItself”isausefulsummaryofcurrentevents.Butasaguidetoacomplexworld,itfallsshort.其实目前不管是美国还是多国体系都不像布雷默所认为的那样虚弱无力。巴西和土耳其在他们的伊朗科项目问题的谈判中失败了。事实上， 伊朗已经从谈判桌上撤退，缅甸正在向民主的方向转变，这些事实都驳斥了布雷默认为制裁变得无效的观点。他认为世界银行和国际货币基金组织由于中国力量的崛起受到了削弱，这一点是正确的。但是另一方面由于美国和中国都支持世界贸易组织的裁决，所以世贸组织的影响力显著地加强了。各自为战对当前重大事务做了很好的总结，

29、但是并没有对当前复杂世界形势提出有益的分析和指导。IN DENVER four years ago, an inspiring presidential candidate announced that he would change America. Barack Obama promised to put aside partisan differences, restore hope to those without jobs, begin the process of saving the planet from global warming, and make America pro

30、ud again.四年前，在丹佛市，一位意气风发的总统候选人宣布他将改变美国。当时，巴拉克奥巴马承诺：他将放下党派分歧、让失业人员重获希望、开始应对全球变暖并再次为美国带来荣耀。Next week Mr Obama will address his fellow Democrats at their convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, with little of this hopeful agenda completed. Three million more Americans are out of work than four years a

31、go, and the national debt is $5 trillion bigger. Partisan gridlock is worse than ever: health-care reform, a genuinely impressive achievement, has become a prime source of rancour. Businessfolk are split over whether he dislikes capitalism or is merely indifferent to it. His global-warming efforts h

32、ave evaporated. Americas standing in the Muslim world is no higher than it was under George W. Bush, Iran remains dangerous, Russia and China are still prickly despite the promised resets, and the prison in Guantnamo remains open.下周，民主党将在北卡罗来纳州的夏洛特市召开全国代表大会，届时奥巴马将向党内同僚致辞，但他的这番雄心壮志却并未实现多少。相比四年前，美国失业人

33、数增加了300万人，国家债务也上升了5万亿美元。党派之间的僵局更甚以往：医疗改革实际上是一项杰出的成就，但却成了两党敌意的主要来源。商界之中有些人认为奥巴马厌恶资本主义，有些人认为他对资本主义简直漠不关心。奥巴马针对全球变暖做出的努力也化为乌有。相比乔治W布什当政时期，美国在穆斯林世界的地位并没有提高多少。伊朗仍然很危险。尽管奥巴马许诺重新调整与俄中两国的外交关系，但这两个国家对于美国来说依然棘手。恐怖主义阴云未散，仍然不断有囚犯被送进关塔那摩监狱。So far, so underwhelming目前看来政绩平平The defence of Mr Obamas record comes dow

34、n to one phrase: it could all have been a lot worse. He inherited an economy in free fall thanks to the banking crash and the fiscal profligacy that occurred under his predecessor; his stimulus measures and his saving of Detroit carmakers helped avert a second Depression; overall, he deserves decent

35、 if patchy grades on the economy (seearticle). Confronted by obstructionist Republicans in Congress, he did well to get anything through at all. Abroad he has sensibly recalibrated American foreign policy. And there have been individual triumphs, such as the killing of Osama bin Laden.若要为奥巴马的履历进行辩护，

36、尽可一言以蔽之：如果没有他的话，情况可能会更糟糕。布什执掌白宫时，银行业崩溃、政府肆意挥霍财政开支。拜这位前任总统所赐，奥巴马接手政权时美国经济正在直线下滑。他推出了刺激措施，拯救了底特律的汽车制造商，从而帮助美国避免了第二次大萧条。如果要在经济方面进行打分的话，尽管奥巴马有得有失，但总体来说表现尚可。在国会里，奥巴马受到了共和党的蓄意阻扰，但他还是成功地通过了一些议案。在国际上，奥巴马明智地重新调整了美国的外交政策。他还取得了一些非同寻常的成就，比如击毙了奥萨马本拉登。But this does not amount to a compelling case for re-election,

37、 in the view of either this paper or the American people. More than 60% of voters believe their country to be on the wrong track. Mr Obamas approval ratings are well under 50%; almost two-thirds of voters are unimpressed (however harshly) by how he has handled the economy. Worn down by the difficult

38、ies of office, the great reformer has become a cautious man, surrounded by an insular group of advisers. The candidate who promised bold solutions to the countrys gravest problems turned into the president who failed even to back his own commissions plans for cutting the deficit.但想要进行连任，仅有这些还不够令人信服这

39、不仅是本报的观点，也是美国人民的观点。有60%以上的选民认为美国已经偏离了正确的轨道。奥巴马目前的支持率远低于50%；有近三分之二的选民认为他处理经济的方式不尽如人意（尽管这样说有些苛刻）。由于政途坎坷，这位伟大的改革者被拖垮了，变成了一个谨小慎微的人，周围则是一群保守狭隘的顾问。当年的那位候选人曾承诺，要果敢地解决美国最为严重的一些问题；可当他成为总统之后，甚至无法为自己的委员会削减赤字的方案提供支持。Were he facing a more charismatic candidate than Mitt Romney or a less extremist bunch than the

40、Republicans, Mr Obama would already be staring at defeat. The fact that the president has had to “go negative” so early and so relentlessly shows how badly he needs the election to be about Mr Romneys weaknesses rather than his own achievements. A man who four years ago epitomised hope will arrive i

41、n Charlotte with a campaign that thus far has been about invoking fear.作为总统候选人，米特罗姆尼没有多少个人魅力；作为政治群体，共和党较为极端。若非如此，奥巴马的败局可能早就注定了。奥巴马被迫这么早、这么决绝地“采取了消极策略”这说明他急需让民众在这场竞选中去关注罗姆尼的弱点，而不是去关注他本人的政绩。四年前，奥巴马曾是希望的化身；如今他将抵达夏洛特市，当下的竞选之路却只能让人焦虑不安。Mr Obama must offer more than this, for three reasons. First, a negat

42、ive campaign may well fail. The Republicans are a rum bunch with a wooden leader; but Mr Romneys record as an executive and governor is impressive, and his running-mate, Paul Ryan, is a fount of bold ideas. Mr Obamas strategy of blaming everything on Republican obstructionism will strike many voters

43、 as demeaning.奥巴马要做的还有很多，原因有三。其一，消极参选很可能会失败。共和党是个古怪的群体，其领导人也有几分木讷；但罗姆尼曾任商界高管及马萨诸塞州州长，他的履历可圈可点而且他的竞选搭档保罗瑞安也是有勇有谋。如果奥巴马把一切都归咎于共和党的阻扰，许多选民会觉得他这么做有失身份。Second, even if negative campaigning works, a re-elected Mr Obama will need the strength that comes from a convincing agenda. Otherwise the Republicans,

44、who will control the House and possibly the Senate too, will make mincemeat of him. And, third, it is not just Mr Obama who needs a plan. America does too. Its finances and its government require a drastic overhaul. Surely this charismatic, thoughtful man has more ideas about what must be done than

45、he has so far let on?其二，即使消极竞选有效，连任的奥巴马也将需要给出一份令人信服的议程表。否则共和党人（他们届时将控制众议院，可能连参议院也控制了）将把他批驳的体无完肤。其三，需要方案的不仅仅是奥巴马个人，美国也同样需要。从经济到政府，美国需要进行大刀阔斧的彻底改革。至于如何去做，想必颇具魅力、心思缜密的奥巴马还另有良策吧?A tempting option will be to galvanise his party base, with talk of more health reform and threats of higher taxes on business and the rich. Rather than redesigning government, he could suck up to the public-sector unions by promising that jobs will not be cut. Rather than cutting entitlement p