医学英语词汇来源(最精简)ppt课件.ppt

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1、Chapter Two Etymological Study of English Language and Medical Terms-omicsgenomicsmetabolomicsproteomicstranscriptomicslipidomicsimmunomicsglycomicsRnomicsAbenomicsLikonomicsEconomicsTwo Types of Medical Terms Native = Anglo-saxon Borrowed = loan-wordTwo Types of Medical Terms Borrowed words, or loa

2、n-words: taken from other languages largely based upon Greek, Latin and French vocabularyGerman, Italian, Spanish and others have contributed some words to medical terminology. Words evolved from old English Most medical words from old English denote :anatomic structuresOrgansSubstancesbasic concept

3、s of human activities Words evolved from old English Changes concerningpronunciation (phonological) spelling (morphologic)meaning (semantical) Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandknee lip liver lung neck throat tongue ache breath feverAnatomic w

4、ords Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood In O.E., spelt as blodperhaps originally meant “to swell, gush, spurt” or that which bursts out”. Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood bleedinghemorrhagecerebral hemorrhage脑溢血; 脑出血internal hemorrha

5、ge内出血subarachnoid hemorrhage蛛网膜下出血subdural hemorrhage硬脑膜下出血Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestchest In O.E., cest meaning “box, coffer”. a medicine chest (药箱)Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical ChangeschestThe meaning was extended to “

6、thorax” in 1530 and replaced breast, on the metaphor that the ribs are a box for the organs. Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestflat chest扁平胸seen in weak peopleor people withchronic consumption Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Chang

7、eschest桶状胸barrel chestcommonly seen in patient with emphysemaAnatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestrachitic chest rE5kitik佝偻病胸 鸡胸pigeon chestpeople withrachitis rE5kaitisAnatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestfunnel chest 漏斗胸 Ana

8、tomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan It was organe in O.E., and orgene in O.Fr. (Old French), both meaning “musical instrument”. Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan Sense was narrowed in late M.E. to modern musical instrument

9、known by that name (风琴). Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan Great Organ Works伟大管风琴作品Organ Favorites 最著名的管风琴曲 Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan The meaning “functioning body part” appeared in English in 1392. What are th

10、ey?Words originated from Greek ProcessEarly Modern English (1500-1800) Time: 1500-1800Event: Renaissance Result: wave of innovation in English Words originated from Greek acne It was borrowed from Gk. akme in 1570, meaning “(highest) point”. It contains the base “ak-”, denoting “sharp”. “青春痘” “暗疮” “

11、粉刺” Words originated from Greek acne whiteheads blackheads pustules nodules, or cysts Words originated from Greek acneacne vulgaris 寻常性痤疮 a condition of the epidermis or skintypically occurs on the face, neck, upper back, chest, or shoulders.Words originated from Greek anorexiaanorexia It entered En

12、glish from Greek anorexia in 1598. Made from an- (without) and orexis (appetite, desire), it means “lack of appetite”. Anorexia nervosa (emaciation as a result of severe emotional disturbance) was coined 1873 by William Whitney Gull (1816-1890).Words originated from Greek diagnosis We show in this f

13、irst case report that a diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) can be accurately rendered EUS-FNA samples . To consistently make a diagnosis of gastritis, knowledge of the structures seen in normal stomach is required. Words originated from Greek diagnosis misdiagnosis misdiagnoseMany gifted and tal

14、ented children (and adults) are being mis-diagnosed by psychologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and other health care professionals. dual diagnosisWords originated from Greek diagnose Back-formation diagnose was first recorded 1861. Diagnostic was recorded from 1625.Words originated from Greek m

15、etastasis Entering English in 1577, it was derived from Greek metastasis (transference, removal, change), which was evolved from methistanai (to remove, change) composed of meta- (over, across) and histanai (to place, cause to stand).Words originated from Greek metastasismE5tAstEsis It was first use

16、d in medicine referring to “shift of disease from one part of the body to another” in English from 1663. Words originated from Greek necrosis Entering English in 1665, it was evolved from Greek nekrosis (becoming dead, state of death), formed from the base nekros (dead body, corpse). Words originate

17、d from Greek necrosis e.g. necrodermatitis 坏死性皮炎 necromania/necrophilia 恋尸狂, 恋尸癖 necrophobia 死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖Words originated from Latin The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empi

18、re. Greater influence was exerted after Norman Conquest. As Norman invaders spoke a language that derives from Ancient Latin, borrowing from Latin was inevitable. Words originated from Latin abscess It was borrowed into English from Latin abscessus (an abscess) in 1543. Literally meaning “a going aw

19、ay,” it is derived from ab- (away) and cedere (to go) The notion is that humors “go from” the body through the pus in the swelling. Words originated from Latin aorta Borrowed into English in 1578 from Middle Latin aorta, the term was applied by Aristotle to the great artery of the heart. It literall

20、y meant “what is hung up.” Words originated from Latin autopsy Borrowed into English from Modern Latin autopsia (an eye-witnessing) in1651, it is formed from autos- “self” (comb. form) + opsis “a sight.” Sense of “dissection of a body to determine cause of death” is first recorded 1678. Words origin

21、ated from Latin autopsy also called necropsy postmortem postmortem examinationWords originated from Latin bacteria The plural form of Modern Latin of bacterium, it comes into English in 1847. The original Latin word is from Greek bakterion (small staff), the diminitutive of baktron (stick, rod). It

22、is so called because the first ones observed were rod-shaped. Words originated from Latin cell It is made from Latin cella (small room, hut), related to Latin celare (to hide, conceal). The earliest sense was for monastic rooms, then prison rooms. It began to be used in biology in the 17th century b

23、ut not in modern sense until 1845. jail celltympanic cellWords originated from Latin clinic It was borrowed in 1626 from Latin clinicus (physician), which was formed from Greek klinike (practice at the sickbed). from klinikos “of the bed.” It was originally used as an adjective in English, then to r

24、efer a “sick person.” The sense of “hospital” was first recorded in 1884. Words originated from Latin cortex Entering English in 1653 from Latin, originally meaning “bark of a tree.” Specific reference of “the outer layer of the brain” was first recorded in 1741. Words originated from Latin the cort

25、ex ofthe brain the adrenal gland the kidney the cerebellum brain cortex / cerebral cortex adrenal cortex renal cortex cerebellar cortexWords originated from Latin hydrophobia It was from late Latin hydrophobia, from hydros (water) and phobos (dread, fear). It is so called because human sufferers sho

26、w aversion to water and have difficulty swallowing it. Words originated from Latin hydrophobia also called rabies / mad dog diseaseWords originated from Latin inflame It was made from Latin inflammare (to set on fire, kindle), from in (in) + flammare (to flame). Literal sense of “to cause to burn” w

27、as first recorded in English in 1382. Inflammation (redness or swelling in a body part) began to be used from 1533.Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红肿热痛 other terms of inflammation浸润渗出渗出液Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红:rubor/redness肿:tumor/swelling热:calor/hot

28、ness痛:dolor/pain other terms of inflammation浸润:filtration渗出:exudation渗出液:exudateWords originated from Latin medicine Originally ars medicina (the medical art) in Latin, it entering English around 1225 from medicina.Words originated from Latin muscle Made in 1533 from Latin musculus (a muscle), which

29、 literally means “little mouse,” the diminutive of mus (mouse). Words originated from Latin muscle It is so called because the shape and movement of some muscles (notably biceps) were thought to resemble mice. analogy in Greek: mys is both “mouse” and “muscle,” and its combing form gives the medical

30、 prefix my/myo. Words originated from Latin obstetrics It was borrowed in 1742 from Modern Latin obstetricus (pertaining to a midwife), which was formed from obstetrix (midwife). Made from obstare (stand opposite to), it literally means “one who stands opposite (the woman giving birth)”. Words origi

31、nated from Latin placeboIt is Middle English from Latin placebo (I shall please). It was originally used for the rite of Vespers of the Office of the Dead, being the first word of the first antiphon, that is, “Placebo Domino in regione vivorum” (I will please (我愿意) the Lord in the land of the living

32、). Words originated from Latin placeboMedical sense (a medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient) is first recorded 1785. Words originated from Latin panacea7pAnE5siE It came into English in 1548 from Latin panacea (an allhealing herb), which originated from Greek panakeia (cureall),

33、 from pan (all) and akos (cure).Words originated from Latin panacea “hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。 Words originated from Arabian Words originated from Arabian Chemistry alchemy 炼金术dura mater dura mater cerebr

34、i =hard mother of brainpia mater pia mater cerebri = soft mother of brainWords originated from Arabian cephalic vein 头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？basilic vein 贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择syrupWords originated from French Words originated from French After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period

35、 of time and left a deep influence on the English language. As French language itself is a modified form of Latin, many of these borrowed words ultimately come from Greek, since many words form this language had passed into Latin. Words originated from French migraine (a severe form of headache, usu

36、ally unilateral). French: migraineLatin hemicraniaGreek hemikrania (pain on one side of the head), from the prefix hemi- (half) and kranion (skull). Words originated from French BenignIt came from Old French benigne (good, kind) in about 1320, derived from bene (well) and gignere (to bear, beget). b

37、enefitbenedictionbeneficentWords originated from French MortuaryBorrowed into English in 1330 from AngloFrench mortuarie (gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner), it was first used to refer to “a place where bodies are kept temporarily” in 1865 as a euphemism for earlier deadhouse. Word

38、s originated from French EmbolismBorrowed into English in 1387 from Old French embolisme, it originally meant “intercalation (置润) of days into a calendar” as the French word was derived from late Latin embolismus (insertion of days in a calendar to correct errors). Its medical sense of “obstruction

39、of a blood vessel” is first recorded in English in 1855. Words originated from French MalaisemA5leizBorrowed in 1768 from French malaise, it literally means “illease”. The French word is formed from mal (bad) and aise (ease). Words originated from French SurgeonIt was borrowed into English in about

40、1300 from AngloFrench surgien (originally, working or done by hand). Words originated from French Prostate5prCsteitIt entered English in 1646 from Middle French prostate, which was ultimately based on Greek proistanai (set before), from pro (before) and histanai (cause to stand). It was so called be

41、cause of its position at the base of the bladder. Words originated from French Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis 前列腺肥大prostate hypertrophy / enlargement / enlarged prostate 前列腺痛prostatodynia Words originated from French Prostate前列腺切除术 prostatectomy prostaglandin 前列腺素Words originated from French bruit 杂音杂音chan

42、cre 下疳下疳debridement 清创术清创术goiter甲状腺肿甲状腺肿grand / petit mal癫痫大小发作癫痫大小发作lavage灌洗灌洗massage按摩按摩Words originated from German GermanWords originated from German Starting from 19th century, German made great progress in science and technology. Such advances necessitate new vocabulary to denote new findings,

43、 discoveries, concepts and substances. Some medical terms were first coined in German and then introduced into English. Words originated from German aspirin It was coined in 1899 in German as a trademark name either from Greek a (without) and Latin spiraea (ulmaria), the plant in whose flowers or le

44、aves the processed acid in the medicine is found naturally. Hence aspirin means “acetylosalicylic acid which is gained not from the Spiraea ulmaria (but in a chemical way)”. Words originated from German aspirin Or it may be a contraction of acetylierte spirsure, the German name of the acid. Words or

45、iginated from German ChemotherapyIt came into English in 1907 from German Chemotherapie coined by German biochemist Paul Ehrlich from chemo and therapie. Words originated from German chromosome It entered English in 1889 from German chromosom, coined the previous year by German anatomist Wilhelm von

46、 WaldeyerHartz from Greek chroma (color) and soma (body). It is so called because the structures contain a substance that stains readily with basic dyes. Words originated from German gene Coming into English in 1911 from German Gen, it was coined in 1905 by Danish scientist Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen

47、(18571927), from Greek genea “generation, race”. Genes had earlier been called pangenes. Words originated from German GenomeLiterally meaning “sum total of genes in a set,” it was borrowed into English in 1930 from German genom, which was coined in 1920 by German botanist Hans Winkler from gen (gene

48、) and (chromos)om (chromosome). Words originated from German PsychoanalysisIt was borrowed into English in 1906 from German Psychoanalyse, coined 1896 by Freud from Greek psykhe (mental) and German analyse. Psychoanalyst and psychoanalyze were both first attested in 1911. Words originated from Germa

49、n SchizophreniaIt entered English in 1912 from German schizophrenie coined by E. Bleuler in 1910 from Greek skhizein (to split) and phren (mind). Slang shortening schizo was first attested in 1920s as an adjective and from 1945 as a noun.e.g. rachischisis Words originated from Italian influenza It w

50、as borrowed during an outbreak of the disease in Europe in 1743 from Italian influenza (influenza, epidemic). Originally: “visitation, influence (of the stars),”Words originated from Italian influenza Used in Italian for diseases since at least 1504 on the notion of “astral or occult influence”. The