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1、七年级下册语法归纳(一)情态动词一、Can情态动词can有一定的词义,但不能独立存在,它必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词can没有人称和数的变化。其具体用法如下:1.表示能、会,指脑力或体力方面的能力。例如:Jim can swim, but I cant.吉姆会游泳,但我不会。2.表示可能,常用于否定句或疑问句中,指某种可能性。例如:HanMeicantbeintheclassroom.韩梅不可能在教室里。Canhecomeheretoday,please?请问他今天能到这里来吗?3.表示可以,常用于口语中,指许可或请求做某事。例如:CanIhaveacupoftea,please?请问
2、我可以喝一杯茶吗?Youcangoout.你可以出去了?情态动词can的基本句型1. 肯定句型为:主语+can+动词原形+其它。例如: They can play basketball. 他们能打篮球。2. 否定句型为:主语+cannot(cant/cannot)+动词原形+其它。表示某人不能(不会。不可能)做。其中cant是cannot的缩略式,英国多写成cannot。3. 疑问句句型分为:一般疑问句句型和特殊疑问句句型两种类型。一般疑问句句型为:Can+主语+动词原形+其它。表示某人会(能。可以)做吗?.其肯定答语用Yes,主语+can.作答;否定答语用No,主语+cant.作答。(注意:
3、答语中作主语的人称代词,应根据问句中的主语作相应的变化。其变化规则为:第一人称问,则第二人称答;第二人称问,则第一人称答;第三人称问,第三人称答。)例如:-CanyousinganEnglishsongforus?你可以为我们大家唱一首英语歌吗?-Yes.行。(注意在Yes后面常省略Ican)-CanIskate?我可以滑冰吗?-Yes,youcan.可以。-Cansheclimbhills?她能爬山吗?-No,shecant.不,她不能。拓展:特殊疑问句句型为:a.Who+can+动词原形+其它。该句型中who相当于主语。例如:-WhocansinginEnglishinyourclass?
4、你们班上谁会用英语唱歌? -Lilycan.莉莉会。b.特殊疑问词(作定语)+名词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用how many,howmuch等。例如:-Howmanyboatscanyouseeintheriver?你能看见河中有多少只船吗?-Onlyoneboat.仅有一只。c.特殊疑问词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用what,where,when等,一般用肯定陈述句作答。例如:-Whatcanyouseeinthepicture?你能在图画中看到什么?-Icanseesomebirdsandtwobigtreesinit.我能看到一些
5、鸟儿和两棵大树。(中考模拟 )Look! Someone is cutting a tree on the moon.It be true, Granny. Mum says there is no air there.A. cantB. mustnt C. mayD. should解析:根据there is no air there判断出月亮上根本不可能有人在砍树,所以表示不可能。答案选A。(中考模拟)The boy can play_chess well, but he cant play_ piano.A.the;theB.the;/ C./;theD./;/解析:play后面跟表示球类
6、(运动)的名词时,中间不用冠词the;而跟表示乐器的名词时,中间应用定冠词the。答案为C。按要求改写句子。1.I can run fast. I _ _ fast. (否定句) 2.He can play basketball well. (一般疑问句) _ he _ basketball well? 3.She can play the violin.(变成一般疑问句) _ she _ the violin?4.They cant sing. They cant dance. (合并成一句) They _ sing _ dance. 5.She can sing and dance. (否
7、定句)She _ sing _ dance.keys: 1.can not;2.Can; play;3. Can ;play;4.cant; or;5cant; or二、would like 的用法would like用来表达意愿,意为“想要”,相当于want, 用法亦同want,但比want委婉。would 是情态动词,没有人称和数的变化,可与人称代词缩写为d, 与其它情态动词一样可帮助完成疑问句和否定句。用法:1) 后接名词或代词,表示具体“要”某样东西want/would like sth. 想要某物 Id like some noodles2)want/would like to do
8、 sth. 想要做某事 ,常用于有礼貌的提出邀请、请求或建议。 Id like to play the piano 我想要弹钢琴。 3)want/would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 I would like him to help me. 我想要他帮助我。4)would you like some你想要一些吗?(委婉地询问对方的要求时的用语)该句型常用于征求对方意见。特别注意该句型中要用some,而不用any,以表示说话人希望得到肯定回答。 肯定回答:Yes, please. 否定回答:No, thanks. 5) Would you like to do st
9、h?你想要/愿意做某事吗?(向对方有礼貌地提出建议或邀请)该句型中like可以换成love。肯定回答:Yes, Id like/love to. 是的,我愿意。否定回答:Sorry, + 原因。或 Id love to, butWould you like to go shopping with us? 你想要/愿意和我们一起去购物吗?Yes, Id like/love to. 是的,我愿意。Sorry, I have a lot of homework to do. 对不起,我有很多作业要写。 Id love to, but I am too busy.我非常愿意,但是我太忙了。练习:1.
10、-Tim and I will visit the exhibition(展览) this weekend. Would you like to join us?-_A. Well done. B. thats right. C. youre welcome. D. Id love to.2. -Would you like some milk?-_A. Yes, please. B. The same to you. C. Help yourself. D. My pleasure.3. -Would you like some more rice?-_. I eat too much.A.
11、 No, thanks B. Yes, thank you C. Id love to D. Yes, please4. She would like her mother _ to the park with her on Sunday.A. to go B. go C. going D. goes5.-Shall we stay at home watching TV tonight? -No. Id like _ and see a film.A.to goB.goC.wentD.going (二)时态集锦一、一般现在时一般现在时:表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作。标志词:alw
12、ays, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day/night/ in the morningon weekends主语是第三人称单数主语不是第三人称单数肯定句主语+动词s+其他主语+动词原形+其他否定句主语+doesnt+动词原形+其他主语+dont+动词原形+其他一般疑问句Does+主语+动词原形+其他Do+主语+动词原形+其他动词第三人称单数的构成:(用于第三人称单数、可数名词的单数和不可数名词的一般现在时中)1、直接加s: looklooksreadreadsplayplays stopstops2. 在字母s, x, ch, sh, o后
13、加es: missmisses fixfixeswatchwatches washwashes gogoesdo-does3. 辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-es: carrycarries studystudieshurryhurriescrycries4. 特殊的have has练习1.(浙江省)Ilikesoftandgentlemusic.It_nice.AissoundedBsoundedCsoundsDsounding2-Can your father drive?-Yes,he _to work every dayA. is driving B.drove C.drive
14、s D.has written3.John likes playing soccer very much and he _ about one hour playing it every day.A. spent B. will spend C. has spent D. Spends4.Although Bill isnt rich enough, he often _ money to the poor. A. will give B. was giving C. gives D. Gave5. We often_(play) in the playground.6._you _(brus
15、h) your teeth every morning.7. What_(do) he usually_(do) after school?8. Mike sometimes _(go) to the park with his sister.keys: 5play ;6.Do brush;7. does; do ;8.goes二、 现在进行时 1. 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作 Please dont make so much noise, Im studying. Lets get out. It isnt raining any more. 2. 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行
16、的动作,但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作 Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing. 这些动作,在说话时并不一定在发生或进行,而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的. 现在进行时的时间状语主要有:now,these days(目前),this week,at the moment(此刻)等,有时句首有“Look!”、“Listen!”或“Its+时刻”等词、句存在。肯定句: 主语 + be + 现在分词
17、(主语在前be在后,现在分词跟着走。)否定句:主语 + be + not + 现在分词一般疑问句: be + 主语 + 现在分词?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + 现在分词 + 其他?动词现在分词的变化见下表:词尾情况变化方式例词一般情况加ingplay玩playing do做doing go去going see看见seeing jump跳jumping sing唱singing ski滑雪skiing以不发音的e结尾去e加ingmake做making take拿到taking dance跳舞dancing like喜欢liking come来coming write写writi
18、ng have有having close关closing以重读闭音节结尾的动词,中间只有一个元音字母,词尾只有一个辅音字母双写最后一个辅音字母再加ingswim游泳swimming sit坐sitting begin开始beginning run跑running get得到getting put放putting jog慢跑jogging练习:1. Listen!They_inthenextroom.A.singB.issingingC.aresingingD.weresinging2. Itseightoclock.Thestudents_anEnglishclass.A.haveB.havi
19、ngC.ishavingD.arehaving3. -Mary,couldyouhelpme?-Waitamoment.I_.A.readabook B.didmyhomeworkC.waswatchingTV D.amcookingdinner.4. Look at the_ !Its _ heavily nowArain;rain Braining;rainingCrain;raining Draining;rainy5.We _ a Chinese class today. They _ an English class now.A. arent having; are having B
20、. dont have; haveC. arent having; have D. dont have; are having三、一般过去时1.一般过去时表示过去(1)表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态:He bought the computer five years ago.这电脑是他五年前买的。It was then a small fishing village那时它只是一个小渔村。(2)表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作:We often played together when we were children我们小时候常在一起玩。注:表过去习惯性的动词,也可用used to或would:H
21、e used to go to work by bus.他过去常乘公共汽车去上班。2.时间状语与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday(昨天),lastnight(昨晚),lastweek(上个星期),fourdaysago(四天前),in2002(在2002年),justnow(刚才),thedaybeforeyesterday(前天)等。如:Hewenttotheparkyesterday.她昨天去了花园。Iwastenyearsoldin2001.我2001年才10岁。3.一般过去时态的形式1.Be动词在一般过去时中的变化: am和is在一般过去时中变为was。(wasnot=w
22、asnt) are在一般过去时中变为were。(werenot=werent) 带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is,am,are一样,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。2句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子否定句:didnt+动词原形,如:Jimwenthomeyesterday.Jimdidntgohomeyesterday.一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如:Jimwenthomeyesterday.DidJimgohomeyesterday?特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句?如:Jimwenthomeyest
23、erday.DidJimgohomeyesterday?WhatdidJimdoyesterday?4.动词的过去式一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式,不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆,规则变化则遵循以下原则:(1)一般在动词后加-ed。如:playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroydestroyed, signsigned.(2)在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。如:likeliked, provideprovided, hatehated, datedated。(3)在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动
24、词后,则改y为i,再加ed。如:supplysupplied, flyflied, studystudied. (from )(4)在以重读闭音节结尾且,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned.我们还学过许多不规则动词的过去式形式。如:amwas,arewere,putput,seesaw,eatate等练习:1. 请写出下列动词的过去式。want arrive enjoy shopis_ see_ are_ eat2.单项选择。1)Nancyis not
25、coming tonight.But she_!A.promisesB.promisedC.will promiseD.had promised2)Tim always _ a picture at home. He _ a car now. A. draws; is drawing B. draw; draw C. draws; draw D. draw; is drawing3) I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he_it.A.doesnt mentionB.hadnt mentionedC.di
26、dnt mentionD.hasnt mentioned4)I_you not to move my dictionary-now I cant find it.A.askedB.askC.was askingD.had asked5) Akid_breakfasteverymorning,becauseitsgoodforhishealth.A.haveto B.hasto C.hastohave D.hastohas6) WheresthecakeImadethismorning?We_it,mum.Canyoumakeanotheroneforus?A.ate B.eat C.willi
27、t D.wereeating7) Look!Twocats_acrossthewall.A.run B.runs C.arerunning D.ran8) Jenny_inanoffice.Herparents_inahospitalA.work;works B.works;workC.work;areworking D.isworking;work9) Uncle Wang knows _ a washing machine. A. how to make B. to make C. how making D. what to make10) Iwant_homeworknow.A. doi
28、ng B. todo C. todomy D.domy3. 改写句子。1)Lucydidherhomeworkathome.(改否定句)Lucy_herhomeworkathome.2)Shefoundsomemeatinthefridge.(变一般疑问句)_she_meatinthefridge?3)LiMingisatschoolnow.(用yesterday改写句子)LiMing_atschoolyesterday. keys: didnt do;2Did;find;any 3; was(三)特殊疑问词引导的特殊疑问句一、how 引导的特殊疑问句 1、how 用于询问交通方式,译为“怎样
29、”。 其答语分三种情况:take a/an/the+交通工具(单数)by+交通工具(单数)on/in+限定词+交通工具2、how 用于询问动作的执行程度,译为“怎样”。如:How do you like China? 你觉得中国怎么样?I like it very much. 非常喜欢。3、how 用于询问身体健康状况,译为“怎么样”。如:4、how 用在第一次见面的问候语中。如: How do you do? 你好!5、how about =what about询问或征询意见等,后接名词、代词或动词的 -ing 形式,译为“怎么样”、“好不好”。6、how many 用于询问人或物品的数量,
30、后接可数名词的复数形式,译为“多少”。7、how much 既可询问物品数量,后接不可数名词,译为“多少”;又可询问物品价格,译为“多少钱”。8、how old 询问年龄,译为“多大”。9、how far 用于询问距离,译为“多远”。如:How far is it from here to the station? 从这里到车站有多远?About three hundred metres. 大约三百米。10、how long 既可询问时间,译为“多久”,又可询问物品的长度,译为“多长”。如:How long is the river? 这条河有多长?How long does it last?
31、 这要持续多久?二、特殊疑问词why why引导的特殊疑问句,意为“为什么?”,用来询问某事的原因。考点一:一般用法:常用于询问原因。回答时常用because。eg:- Why does he look worried?他为什么看起来着急? - Because he lost his key.因为他把钥匙丢了。考点二:特殊用法:Why don t you +动词原形+其他?常用来提出建议或劝告,表示 “为什么不?”相当于“Why not +动词原形+其他?”eg:- Why don t you play basketball? = Why not play basketball?为什么不打篮球
32、呢?- That sounds good.那听起来不错。练习:1. -_ will the rainy season last? -About a month.AHow long BHow oftenCHow soon DHow much2. - Why not _ computer games?- Good idea.A. playing B. to play C. play D. Played3. - Why don t you like tigers?- _ they re really scary.A. Because B. So C. But D. And4. -_- By bus.
33、 A. Why does he go to work? B. How does he go to work? C. When does she go to work? 5. I usually go to school _ bike, but sometimes I go to school _foot.A. with, on B. on, by C. by, on三、what time/when引导的特殊疑问句及时刻表达1. what time翻译为“几点”问的是具体的时间,一般回答要具体到小时。 如:What time do you go to school? 你什么时候/几点上学? I
34、go to school at half past seven oclock. 我七点半去上学。 回答具体到点钟,且注意在几点前边的介词用at。 2. when也是对时间的提问,但与what time的区别是:用when提问,回答既可以是具体的时间,也可以是不具体的时间,如:in the morning,last year,in 1998等范围大的时间例如: When does he take a shower?他什么时候洗澡? He takes a shower in the morning. 他在早上洗澡。 也可用具体时间: 如:I take a shower at 6 oclock in
35、 the morning. 我早上六点洗澡。 时刻的表达: 1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的oclock 5:00 读作 five oclock2. 表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时 five past seven 七点过五分 half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻 seven past eight 八点过七分 3. 表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时 ten to eight 差十分八点(七点五十分) a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分) twenty to six 差二十分六点(五点
36、四十分) 在日常生活中,常用下列简单方法表示时间。 以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。 6:31 读作 six thirty-one 10:26读作 ten twenty-six 14:03 读作 fourteen o three 16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen 18:30 读作 eighteen thirty 23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five 注:如果用12小时表示法,这样就需要用a.m.表示上午,p.m.表示下午了。练习: 对下列划线部分提问,将句子变为特殊疑问句。 (1)Its seven oclock. _ _ is it? (2)He
37、was born in 1992. _ was _ born?(3)(单选)-_ do you go to school? -At 7:00 in the morning. A. What B. How C. What time D. How old(4)英译汉 1.tenpastone 2.twenty-fivepasteight 3.aquarterpastnine 4.halfpasttwo 5.twentytotwo 6.aquartertosix 7.fivetothree 8.twenty-fivetofour keys:1.What time;2.When; he;3. C.4.
38、 十点十分;八点二十五;九点十五;两点半;一点四十;五点四十五;两点五十七;三点三十五(四)祈使句通常用来表示命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告等语气。它的主语you(听话人)通常省略。其构成通常有以下几种形式。1) Be型(即系动词原型be+表语其他)。否定句Dont + be+表语+其他。2)Do型(即系动词原形宾语其他)。 否定句Dont +实义动词原形+宾语+其他。3)Let型(即Let+宾语+动词原形+其他) 否定句一般在宾语后加not。4)No+ V-ing型(用于公共场合的提示语中,意为“禁止做某事“)练习:1. My mother said to me, “Tom, _ in bed
39、.”A. not read B. doesnt read C. dont read D. didnt read2. _ your homework here tomorrow, Lucy.A. Bring B. Brings C. To bring D. Bringing3. _him the secret, will you?A. Dont tell B Not to tell C Not telling D No telling4. 完成句子。_ a good child!要做一个好孩子。(Be)5. 禁止吸烟!_ (No smoking!) 禁止垂钓!_ (No fishing!)(五)形容词的用法形容词修饰名词,用以说明事物或人的性质或特征,是英语中最常用的词性之一,通常在句中作定语、表语等。考点一:形容词作定语,用于修饰名词例:Martha is a _ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.shy B. friendly C. crazy D. healthy考点二、形容词作表语,放在连系动词(be/ look/ feel/ sound等)后,构成系表结构,即“连系动词+表语”,说明主语怎么样。例:The flowers smells _ and I like it v
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