高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx

《高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx（21页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、高中英语语法定语从句总结全高中英语定语从句详解.概念：(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词能够为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2)必在从句中作某个句子成份能够做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词能够省略。常用的关系副词在从句中只作状语:when时间状语、why原因状

2、语、where地点状语能够修饰人的关系代词：that,who,whom,whose能够修饰事的关系代词：that,which,as,whose,ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.Idlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能做主语、宾语、表语或状语；第三选择适宜的关系词。.几个关系代词的基本用法：that:可指人或物；在定语从句

3、中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.宾语4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

4、6.Shesnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.表语7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.主语2.Thebook(which/tha

5、t)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.宾语who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人whose:表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的whose+名词=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的)the+n.+ofwhom(某人的)Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.主语Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawyesterdayisTom.Iknowthegirlwhosefatherisateacher.(whosefather=thefath

6、erofwhom)Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.指人(whoseparents=theparentsofwhom)Idlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.指物(whosewindow=thewindowofwhich)关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中，介词提早时，介词后：表人用whom；表物用which)关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,可以放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.Theman(who

7、m/who/that)mymotheristalkingwithisMrBlack.=ThemanwithwhommymotheristalkingisMrBlack.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thelibraryfromwhichwecanborrowbooksisverybig.Thisisthebookab

8、outwhichItoldyoujustnow.as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)如为限制性的，多用于thesameas;thesameas(与一样)；suchas如此，这样;asmany/muchas和一样多；so/asas与一样等构造中。如：Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.).-Whydidntyoumentionthatinfaceofthe

9、policejustnow?-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Dontdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比拟：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.Imwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterda

10、y.比拟：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.定语从句Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.结果状语从句如为非限制性的，as还能够单独引导一个定语从句，代替整个主句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.(as作宾语)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.as作主语众所周知：Asweallknow,Itswell-kno

11、w(tousall)that=Itsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultooneshealth.=Smokingisharmfultooneshealth,asweallknow.as作宾语=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoonehealth.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子).关系副词(when,where,why)引导的定语从句,它们后面的句子完好，只缺状语，它们都能够等于介词+which,其中why只等于forwhich.When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其

12、先行词是表时间的名词如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还能够用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比拟:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.作状语Istillrememberthedayswhich/that

13、wespenttogether.作谓语spent的宾语Nextwinterwhich/thatyoullspendinHarbin,willbeexciting.宾语IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouwaslaunched.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheuse

14、dtolive.注意：先行词是地点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比拟:Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.作状语Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.作宾语Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如：Thereasonwhy+定语从句isthat+表语从句的原因是Thereasonwhy/forwhich/

15、(that)hedidntcometoschoolwasthathewasill.Idontbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.作宾语Heaskedmethereasonthatcanexplainmysuccess.作主语Hewaslate.Thatsbecausehegotuplate.(Thatsbecause+原因)那是由于Hegotuplate.Thatswhyhewaslate.(表语从句)Thatswhy+结果那是的原因(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that,in

16、which,或省略引导词way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但假如关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比拟:Pleasedotheexperimentinthewaythat/whichIhaveshownyou.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1.形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系严密，起限定作用，假如去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完好或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很

17、严密，对先行词起补充讲明或描绘的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChinascapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4.翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句较短的一般译为的字构造；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。见上句翻译比拟:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who

18、,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when，where,why,etc.1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.which代替整个前面整个主句2.Tomsfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrothernev

19、erwas.几个易混淆的关系代词的比拟:that&which:在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般能够互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.只能用that的情况：先行词为much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing),theone等不定代词或受其修饰时;1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2.Theresnothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughty

20、esterday?先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时;1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.2.Thatstheverywordthatiswronglyused.比拟*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时,包括thelast,thenext;1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisT

21、aiLake.2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时;1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.先行词既有人又有物,只用that.如：1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2.Theriderandhisbikethathadruno

22、veranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.被修饰词为数词时.1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.假如有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.主句是以who或which开始的疑问句时，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。1.Whichisthebo

23、okthatyoulikebest?2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?主句是Therebe构造，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.先行词在从句中做表语时1.Heisnottheyoungmanthathewas30yearsago.2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.Azooisaparkinwhichmany

24、kindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoesdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.1.Letmeshowyouthenovel，th

25、atIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.当关系代词后面带有插入语时.1.HerestheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.先行词本身是that,宜用which.Whatsthatwhichsheislookingat?先

26、行词是those+复数名词.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.as&which:as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：位置的不同：Which放句中引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置较灵敏，也就是讲as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.先

27、行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词能够是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.先行词是一个词Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.先行词是一个句子Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.as一般译为正如就像，这一点asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.Thesameas与thesamethat的区别Thesameas指的是同一类事物,例如SheboughtthesameshirtasIwear.Thesamethat指的是同一个事物，例如ThepolicefoundthesamecarthatIlostlastweek.