重庆大学药理学-第三章-药物效应动力学ppt课件.pptx
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1、2第三章 药物效应动力学Chapter 2 Pharmacodynamics研究药物对机体的作用及作用机制药理学PHARMACOLOGY重庆大学生物工程学院2013. 03. 133Drug action(药物作用): action of drug on cells(初始作用),是分子反应机制: specificity: selectivityPharmacological effect(药理效应): outcomes of drug actions(药物作用的结果,机体反应的表现): excitation or augmentation(提高,增加): inhibition, paralys
2、is(降低,瘫痪)Therapeutic effect(治疗效果): pharmacological effect is good for patientsphysiological or biochemical functions.: symptomatic treatment(对症治疗,治标): etiological treatment(对因治疗,治本): supplementary therapy (replacement therapy)(补充治疗或替代治疗)2.1 Fundamental Concepts relating to drugs,receptors, and pharm
3、acological responses4Adverse reaction(不良反应):undesired or harmful reactions caused by drug副反应(side reaction) - caused by low selectivity of drug.治疗剂量下发生,与用药目的无关,可预知,不严重,有耐受性,难避免。毒性反应(toxic reaction)- caused by extreme dose oraccumulation of drug. Acute or chronic,应避免。5Adverse reaction(不良反应):后遗效应(resi
4、dual effect)- pharmacological effect of residual drugin body after usage stop of drug. e.g. Barbital(巴比妥催眠药)停药反应(withdrawal reaction):rebound reaction,回跃反应) -deterioration of disease after a sudden usage stop of drug. e.g. 可乐定降压药变态反应(allergic reaction):亦为过敏反应 hypersensitive reaction,immune-related.
5、e.g. Penicillin (青霉素): EC50 concentration for 50% maximum efficacy(半效能浓度)62.2 Dose-effect relationship(剂量-效应关系)Relationship between pharmacological effects and drug dose可用数或量的分级来表示的药理效应叫量反应。只能用阳性或阴性(全或无)来表示的药理效应叫质反应。: ECmin concentration to initiate pharmacological effect(最低效应浓度): Emax maximum effic
6、acy(最大效能)Graded dose response curve(等级量效曲线)7Potency(效价强度):Drug concentration inducing equivalent efficacy Maximum efficacy is of more interest than potency.a low drug concentration for equivalent efficacymeans stronger potency.反应药物与受体的亲和力 A more potent of two drugs is not clinically superior; Has li
7、ttle clinical significance for a given therapeutic effect;8Quantal (Cumulative) Dose-Response curves(累加量效曲线)只能用阳性或阴性(全或无)来表示的药理效应叫质反应。0Cumulative %of Subjects1008060402013579111315DoseCumulative frequency distributionThreshold DoseFrequency distribution curve0# ofSubjects504030201013579111315: ED50
8、median effective dose(半数有效量): LD50 median lethal dose(半数致死量)Indication of Drug safety: Therapeutic Index(治疗指数) = LD50/ED50 the higher the safer: Therapeutic Window(治疗窗, 安全范围) = LD1 ED99 9= LD5 ED95the wider the safer10药物的作用机制是研究药物如何与机体细胞结合发挥作用的。受体A receptor is a macromolecular component of a cell wi
9、th which a druginteracts to produce a response. Usually a protein.结合信息放大系统触发后续生理反应或药理效应。配体体内能与受体特异性结合的物质,也称第一信使。Most drugs act (bind) on receptors and form tight bonds with the ligand(first messenger)2.3 受体与药物 (Receptor and Drug)11引起某一类型受体兴奋反应的配体化学结构相似,但光学异构体不同很低浓度的配体即能产生效应受体一定时,配体一定,配体之间具有竞争性复合物可以解
10、离,可得到原来的配体在不同的细胞,可产生不同的效应12占领学说:受体与药物结合激活产生效应;效应强度与被占领的受体数目成正比占领学说修正:两者的结合需要亲和力-内在活性受体学说Intrinsic Activity (内在活性) ability of a bound drug to changethe receptor in a way that produces an effect;some drugs possess affinity but NOT efficacy二态模型学说,速率学说受体与药物的相互作用13 KDDrug receptor bindingD + RDReffectk 1
11、k -1at equilibrium:k1. D R = k-1.DR sothat:k1k1DRDR受体与药物的相互作用k1/k-1 = affinity const. k-1/k1 = KD= dissociation const.14 KDD(RTDR) k1 DR KD Assume RT is the total receptors: RT = R + DRSo that:DDKDDRRTDDKDEEmaxDR k1 RTD + Reffect: When DKD, then DR/RT = 100%, E=Emax, DRmax=RT: When DR/RT = 50%, KD=D
12、 = EC50: Higher KD, lower affinity between drug and receptor15DRk1k1k 1k -1DRDRDRRTEEmaxAffinity Index(亲和指数,pD2)pD2= -lg(KD)Higher pD2, higher affinity between drug and receptorD + RDReffectk 1k -1修正的占领学说:亲和力,内在活性Intrinsic Activity (,内在活性) ability of a bound drug to changethe receptor in a way that
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