摩擦学原理(第1章摩擦表面状态)2013ppt课件.ppt
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1、SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGXIAN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY 徐华 Tel 82669157Automotive Tribologyn在购车经费一定的情况下,你买车时首先考虑的因素有那些?列举三个,各用一句话来说明。3IntroductionnTribology: Tribology is the science, application science, which deals with of the two surfaces having relative movement, or moving trend, covers Frictio
2、n, Lubrication and Wear. It has some research field related to Physics, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Material Science, Rheology, Hydromechanics, Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, Thermodynamics, as well as, Machinery Science and so on.“2012中国汽车产业发展高层论坛”n2012年10月在钓鱼台国宾馆举行“2012中国汽车产业发展高层论坛” 。n中国汽车协会副会长董扬在发言中指出,中
3、国汽车市场的发展空间依旧宽广,2020年之前应会保持与GDP增长率一致的发展速度。 “中国汽车已经连续两年增长,这个市场到底有多大?2020年之前,中国汽车应该能够在产销数量用大于等于GDP的数额增长,由于当前我国人均的汽车数量还很低,从现代社会大生产的结构要求来讲,需要更多的汽车;第三个原因是现在中国的机动车数量最多的不是汽车,而是摩托车,这其中蕴含着因为升级换代带来的巨大增长空间。n “现在我国汽车有1亿辆,摩托车1亿3000万辆。这些摩托司机都有一个梦,梦见两轮变成四轮,摩托车变成汽车。摩托车的升级有着巨大的市场。” 中国汽车工业协会 2012年中国汽车产销量双双超过了1900万辆,轿车
4、销售达到了1074万辆,其中中德、中日、中美、中韩、中法等合资企业在中国实现汽车销售250万辆、190万辆、196万辆、172万辆,105万辆,和44万辆。中国汽车工业协会统计分析,2013年1-9月,中国品牌乘用车共销售512.50万辆,同比增长12.14%, 德系、日系、美系、韩系和法系乘用车分别销售254.17万辆、198.28万辆、160.46万辆、116.12万辆和40万辆,分别占乘用车销售总量的19.78%、15.43%、12.49%、9.04%和3.11%。中国汽车1-9月产销量1281万辆. 2012款奥迪A6L 2.5L 30 FSI手自一体, 最大功率140KW140KW*
5、2000万辆=28亿千瓦The highest efficiency of Internal-combustion engine is less than 30% Oil energy have more than 50% waste as heat,With the rest, there are 20% energy used to control the devices. there are about 30% energy used for over come the friction,2% gears, 5% bearings and so on。 9nThe Wheel is th
6、e most successful example of Tribological design. And lubricant has been used for more than three thousand years. nBy estimate,1/31/2 energy sources, consumed by human, owing to friction and wear。nFrom Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)to Sir Jost report in 1960s. Tribology from single, isolated study be
7、comes a research field of systematically study of friction, lubrication and wear10Main Areas in TribologynFriction (摩擦)nWear(磨损)nLubrication(润滑)Leonardo da Vinci秦始皇兵马俑铜车马的1号车Researchtextured surface Sample of textured surface under microscopeWithout texture,friction coefficient 0.06910v 15min, With
8、texture,deepness 3 m friction coefficient 0.031square textureDouble layer 1Double layer 2Surface texture 表面织构表面织构Surface texture by laserType of texture,a-triangle,b-square,c-circle;1-convexly,2-concave Surface textureBearings, pistonrings 17Part one, Theory of tribology. Introduction、solid surface,
9、 friction and wear nIncluding surface topography parameters, surface structure, surface properties.nlubricant and its properties , basic friction theory and wear measuring methods。nwear mechanism、law of wear, wear measurement and anti-wear design,wear type classify, wear mechanism, wearing procedure
10、 and pattern, conversion of wear , calculation of wear, and experimental method of wear and friction, as well as testing device。General methods of the friction state analysis, wear-out failure analysis, antifriction, antiwear analysis.Main contents of Automotive Tribology 18Part two, lubrication the
11、ory nIncluding Reynolds equation, lubrication design of typical elements, General numerical methods for lubrication calculation, conversion of lubrication state,namely:from fluid lubrication to elasto- hydrodynamic lubrication, from elasto- hydrodynamic lubrication to thin-film lubrication, effects
12、of rarefied gas , failure of lubrication and boundary lubrication。 Main contents of Automotive Tribology 19nFriction is one of three major parts of tribology. Friction phenomenon is also the earliest phenomenon observed by human beings。nthe friction theory studies the friction surface morphology(形态)
13、, texture, contact status, layer of friction surface.Introduction of the friction theory20Chapter one- friction surface analysisnSurface topography properties and statistical approach. Surface error in geometrical form, surface roughness and surface topography statistical parameter。nAnalyzing the fr
14、iction surface properties, such as, wetting angle, surface energy and surface adsorption。nAnalyzing the contact problem of roughened surface 。By introduce contact area, contact model,to analyze the contact stress, contact deformation in the contact elements along its deepness,which involve statistic
15、s, Physical chemistry, materials science and elasticity.nIntroduction of the friction status and the methods of how to distinguish the different friction status. 21Real surfaceairBase metalBase metalWork-hardened layerAdsorbed gasBieby layerOxideinclusion22Chapter one, Analysis of friction surfacen1
16、.1 Surface topography parameters and statisticsnsurface topography(表面形貌) surface topography ,also know as, surface geometry characteristic,it indicate the micro-, unregular geometrical shape of the components surface, such as, roughness粗糙度, waviness波度、form error形状误差 ,texture纹理, and so on 。23n1.1.1 g
17、eometrical form error of surface24(a) form error(形状偏差) (b) waviness(波纹度) (c) roughness(粗糙度)图1.1 Real Surface profile (实际表面轮廓) The surface geometrical characteristic pay important role in the friction, wear and lubrication under mixture lubrication(混合润滑) and dry contact condition (干摩擦)roughnesswavine
18、ssform errorReal Surface profilePartial enlarged view (real surface profile)(geometrical profile)261Macro-geometrical form error(宏观几何形状误差)nMacro-geometrical form error又称为surface form error(表面形状偏差),主要是用不直度、不平度表示平面几何形状误差。n不直度是指在指定方向上,其实际的轮廓线与理论直线的直度偏差,当用刀形样板平尺进行校验时,刀口与被检表面的最大空隙b,即为所检范围内的不直度。n不平度是指整个平面
19、各方向上所存在的最大不直度,如图1.1a所示。波距l大于10mm的偏差属于形状偏差。271Macro-geometrical form error(宏观几何形状误差)n对圆柱形表面,在垂直于轴线的横剖面内最典型的误差有椭圆度,通过轴线的纵剖面内,最典型的误差有鼓形度、鞍形度、弯曲度和圆锥度。 鼓形度鞍形度弯曲度圆锥度282 Surface waviness 表面波纹度n表面波纹度又称为中间几何形状误差,是一种比宏观几何形状误差范围更小的误差,通常采用波纹度表示,它是在表面上周期性重复出现的一种几何形状误差,如图1.1b所示。波距l在110mm间属于波纹度范围。 293 Micro-geomet
20、rical form error 微观几何形状误差n表面微观几何形状误差又称为surface roughness(表面粗糙度),不象表面波纹度那样有明显的周期性,其波距l小于1mm以下,如图1.1c所示。微观几何形状误差越大,表面越粗糙。一般来说,表面粗糙是影响摩擦性能最重要的表面几何形状特征。n综上所述,表面粗糙度、波纹度和形状偏差三者的区别,通常以两波峰或波谷的距离(波距)的大小来区别。一般而言,波距大于10mm的属于形状偏差;波距在110mm间属于波纹度范围;波距小于1mm的属于表面粗糙度范围。如图1.1所示,将图1.1a、b、c叠加到一起,就是表面的实际情况。 30(a) form e
21、rror(形状偏差) (b) waviness(波纹度) (c) roughness(粗糙度)图1.1 Real Surface profile (实际表面轮廓) roughnesswavinessform errorReal Surface profilePartial enlarged view 311.1.2 表面粗糙度 surface roughness n在摩擦学中,最重要,也是常用的表面形貌参数是表面粗糙度,它取表面上某一个截面的外形轮廓曲线来表示。根据表示方法的不同可分为一维、二维和三维的形貌参数。n一维形貌通常用profile curve(轮廓曲线)的高度参数来表示,如图1.2
22、所示。它描绘出沿截面水平方向(x方向)上轮廓高度z的起伏变化。选择轮廓的平均高度线亦即中心线为x轴,使轮廓曲线在x轴上下两侧的面积相等。32图1.2 surface profile curve(表面形貌轮廓)与supporting plane参数示意图真实表面属于三维几何形态,可用直角坐标系真实表面属于三维几何形态,可用直角坐标系( (图图1)1)描述。描述。xyxy为工作表面为工作表面,z,z为表面高度坐标轴。为表面高度坐标轴。1.3 Three dimensional surface topography (三维表面形貌)(三维表面形貌)一维形貌常用轮廓曲线的高度参数来表示。某一截面的表面
23、轮廓平均高度线(中线)为x坐标轴(图2)(一维表面形貌参数) (1)profile arithmetic average deviation(轮廓算术平均偏差) Ra or center line average (中心线平均值) CLA 0111nLaiiRz x dxzLn(2)profile root mean square deviation(轮廓均方根偏差)RMS Rq ornLdxniiLzxz1202(3)maximum distance between peak and dip(最大峰谷距) Rmax 在测量范围内最高峰与最低谷之间的高度差,它表示表面粗糙度的最大起伏量。sty
24、lus method探针法38n支承面曲线是根据表面粗糙度图谱绘制的。理论的支承面曲线如图1.2所示 。 支承曲面主要用于计算实际接触面积。实际接触面积是名义接触面积的很小一部分,有时可以用下面的函数来表示两者的关系:(4) supporting plane (支承面曲线)vnrRabAAmax39表1.1 部分常用加工表面的计算支承面百分比的参数精度等级最大峰谷距Rmaxbv加工方法5370.4 1.0 2.12.2铣削车削6180.50.60.91.41.62.0铣削内圆磨平面磨车削789.40.60.60.91.01.81.42.0铣削外圆磨内圆磨平面磨车削84.70.70.91.11.
25、62.02.01.61.9珩磨外圆磨内圆磨平面磨抛光车削40(5)mean base line intercept (中线截距平均值) Sma中线截距平均值是轮廓与中心线各截点之间的截距Sm在测量长度内的平均值,它反映了粗糙峰的疏密程度。如图1.2所示。101101iimSS41图1.3 不同轮廓的Ra和值二维形貌参数 1gradient aqzz坡度或表面轮廓曲线上各点坡度即斜率dxdzz 绝对值的算术平均值或者均方根值 (a)坡度(b) 坡度分布密度曲线图1.4坡度及其分布密度曲线43aCaCqC各个粗糙峰顶曲率的算术平均值或者均方根值 峰顶曲率的算术平均值qC均方根值 反映粗糙峰的尖、平
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