大学英语语法10——动名词短语ppt课件.ppt

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1、Missing Commas with Nonessential ElementsIntra-sentence coherenceBoth a gerund and a present participle end in ing but they function as different parts of speech. A gerund is used as a noun, whereas a present participle is used as an adjective or an adverb.I.1. Form and functionA gerund phrase inclu

2、des the gerund and the object of the gerund or any modifiers related to the gerund. Like a gerund, it is used as a nounas subject, predictive, object, object of a preposition, or appositive. 1) as a noun to be subjectYou must know your enemy.That is the best defense. Knowing your enemy is the best d

3、efense.2) as a noun to be predictive He finishes his supper.He takes a short walk.That is his habit.In this habit, he keeps healthy. His habit to keep healthy is taking a short walk after supper.3) as a noun to be appositiveHis dream is finding lost treasure.His dream almost came true recently. His

4、dream, finding lost treasure, almost came true recently.4) as a noun to be objectI travel in the country.I love that.I lose my way.I dont like that. I love traveling in the country, but I dont like losing my way.5) as a noun to be object of a prepositionThey wanted to travel to foreign country.They

5、have made preparation for it. They have made preparation for traveling to a foreign country.Notes:1) The difference is that a gerund phrase will always function as a noun while a present participle phrase functions as an adjective or an adverb to modifies another word in the sentence.Eating quietly,

6、 they seemly enjoyed what they are served. (A participial phrase as an adjective modifies “they”)Eating quietly can be difficult for children.(A gerund phrase as a noun functions as a subject.)The soil is rich in nutrients.Everything grows quickly.(As the soil is rich in nutrients, everything grows

7、quickly.) The soil (being) rich in nutrient, everything grows quickly.2. The students had done well on the examination.The teacher gave them less homework.(As the students did well, the teacher gave them less homework.)The students having done well on the examination, the teacher gave them less home

8、work.3. The hour was very late.We went home.(For the hour was very late, we went home.) The hour having been very late, we went home.4. The boy led the way.We had no trouble.We found the cave.The cave was strange. The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.5. He died in 1892

9、.People considered his death as a calamity.The calamity was national. He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity.6. My shoes were removed.I entered a room.The ceiling of the room was low. My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room.7. He lay at full length.He was upon hi

10、s stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm He lay at full length Nonessential elements are words or phrases or clauses that may be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning of that sentence. A nonessential element should be set off with commas from the rest part of the sentence.1. Wi

11、th nonessential participles, infinitives, and their phrases When the participle, infinitive, or their phrases is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, we separate it from the rest of the sentence with commas. To tell the truth we never doubt that he is honest. To tell the truth, we never dou

12、bt that he is honest. Simon absorbed in his book neglected food and sleep. Simon, absorbed in his book, neglected food and sleep.George Eliot, our neighbor, is a captain of an aircraft carrier. (nonessential) Our captain George Eliot is a captain of an aircraft carrier (essential)5. With parenthetic

13、al expressions A parenthetical expression is an expression inserted into the flow of thought. It may be placed in the middle of a sentence or between sentences, providing relevant yet nonessential information. It is set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. Phrases commonly used as parentheti

14、c expressions include the following:As you know, as a matter of fact, as far as I know, as a result,After all, by the way, for example/instance, I guess, well, etc. This principle is in fact extremely important. This principle is, in fact, extremely important. It is time for us to take an action I g

15、uess. It is time for us to take an action, I guess.1.The castle burnt down a few years ago was never rebuilt.2.Many villagers knowing all this still insisted on my paying for the damage.3.Many students who followed the instructions mechanically failed to obtain satisfactory results.4.Columbia Univer

16、sity the second-largest landowner in New York City is part of the Ivy League.5.The tortoise as far as I know has been on earth for thousands of years.6.You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all he is over seventy.7.The child needed sturdy shoes which were expensive.8.The old lady has j

17、ust retired from India where she had lived for ten years.The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. It is 2,473 meters high. it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The monastery of St. Bernard is famous. People set it up in eleventh century. It lies about a mile away. For hundreds

18、 of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travelers. These travelers were crossing the Pass. The Pass was dangerous. These dogs were friendly. People first brought them from Asia. People used them as watchdogs. They did so even in Roman times. They built a tunnel. It was through the mountains. The Pass is less dangerous. Each year, people still sent the dogs out into the snow. At any time a traveller is in difficulty. There is the new tunnel. There are still a few people. They attempt to cross the Pass. They rashly did so. They are on foot.