高三英语语法复习专题---非谓语动词的十一.doc

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date高三英语语法复习专题-非谓语动词的十一高三英语语法复习专题-非谓语动词的十一个高考考点（一）高三英语语法复习专题-非谓语动词的十一个高考考点（一）非谓语动词包括三种形式：动词不定式、动词的-ing形式(包括现在分词和动名词)及动词的-ed形式(过去分词)。所谓非渭语动词，它虽不具有动词的性质，即在句子中充当谓语，但仍然具有动词的特征，即可带有本身宾语或状语构成非谓语动

2、词短语，在句子中作除谓语以外的任何成分。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态和语态的变化.一、 动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语.动词不定式具有动词的性质,它可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语.它还可以有时态和语态的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式;主动语态和被动语态.同时动词不定式也具有非动词的性质,相当于一个名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语.一、 动词不定式的特征和种类动词不定式由”不定式符号to + 动词原形”构成.在某些情况下, to也可以省略.动词不定式的形式变化(以do 为例) 主动式被

3、动式一般式to do进行式无完成式完成进行式无A: 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生. He appears _ happy. 他看起来好象很高兴. (同时发生) _, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车,我们最好赶紧坐出租车去车站. (之后发生)B: 不定式的进行式: 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作. It happened _ when I got there. 我到达那里时候,天碰巧在下雨. Im glad _ with you. 我很高兴和你

4、一起旅游.C:不定式的完成式: 不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前. Im sorry _ your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了. It has been an honor for me _ to your country. 对我来说,应邀来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情D:不定式的完成进行式: 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前并且一直进行着. He was said _ in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年. Im sorry _ you. 很抱歉,我一直打扰你.E:不定式的被动形式. 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个

5、不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式. 不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系,有一般式和完成式两种.(1) 一般式to be doneThese are the books _ to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书. He asked _ place where he was most needed. 他要求被派往最需要他的地方.(2) 完成式 to have been doneThe novel is said _ many languages.这本书据说已经被译成多种语言.He appeared _ for many times.看起来他已经被询问

6、很多次了.F:不定式的否定形式. 不定式的否定式由not 或 never 加不定式构成.We decided _ because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好, 我们决定不出去. _ have made any mistakes is impossible. 从不犯错是不可能的.二、关于不定式符号的几个问题A:不带to 的不定式(1) 在why 引起的一些问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或”not + 动词原形”Why _ ? 为什么发出这么大的噪音?Why _? 为什么不加入我们?(2) 在had better , had best , would rather , wo

7、uld rather .than , cannot help but 等结构后直接跟动词原形或”not+动词原形”Youd better _ your teachers opinion. 你最好听听老师的意见.We had best _ the doctor at once. 我们最好马上就请医生来.We cannot help but _. 我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气.(3) 如不定式前有行为动词do, 那么在表语中的不定式或者介词 except / but 之后的不定式可不带to .The only thing I could do was _. 我能做的惟一一件事就是回家.They co

8、uld do nothing but _ the doctor to come. 除了等待医生的到来,他们什么都不能做.B: 介词to与不定式符号to的辨别 to 既可以是不定式符号,后接动词原形,也可以是介词,后接名词或动词-ing形式.要熟记常用短语, 辨别to是介词还是不定式符号.常见的带不定式的短语: long to _ be supposed to _ fail to do _ make up ones mind to do _ take the trouble to do _ be determined to do _ etc.常见的带介词to的短语习惯于_ 沉浸于_ 着手做_导致

9、_ 反对_ 全神惯注于_与.有关_ 胜任_ 献身于_期望着_ 注意_ 坚持_ 二、动词- ing形式 动词-ing形式包括传统语法的”动名词”和”现在分词”两个部分.动词-ing形式具有动词的特征,同时又具有名词、 形容词和副词的特征,因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语.一、 动词-ing形式的特征和种类与动词不定式一样,动词-ing形式也具有动词的特征,有时态和语态的变化,并可以带状语和宾语等.动词-ing形式的时态和语态的变化见下表(以动词do为例)主动形式被动形式一般式完成式A:动词-ing形式的一般式(1) 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作,没有特别的时间意

10、义. _ is her favorite sport . 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动. _ is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要. (2) 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作. They went out of the classroom, _. 他们有说有笑地走出教室. She listened carefully to her neighbours _. 她倾听她邻居的讲话.(3) 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作. I remembered _ him an e-mail last w

11、eek. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件. He suggested _ my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园.B: 动词-ing形式的完成式动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作,这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前._ in this city for three years , she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年,她对这里已很熟悉.I really regetted _ such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲,我真的很遗憾.C:动词

12、-ing形式的被动式 动词-ing形式的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者.(1) 一般式的被动形式The question _ is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要.I cant stand _(keep). 我不堪久等(2) 完成式的被动形式I heard of his _ the coach of the team.我听说他已被选项为球队的教练._, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室后,我们又被带去参观校图书馆.D:动词-ing形式的否定形式 动词-ing形式的否定式由not加

13、动词-ing形式构成. _ made everyone present very disappointed. 他的没来使在场的每个人都很失望. Im sorry for _ present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉没能按时赴会._ his adress, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等着._ his lessons very hard, he failed the examination.因为没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格.二、动词-ing形式的逻辑主语A:作主语的动词-in

14、g形式动词-ing形式作主语时,其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的.Reading aloud is very helpful.(reading aloud 的逻辑主语是泛指任何人,因而无需表达出来)如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时,一般用物主代词、名词或名词所有格(即名词后加s)His fathers falling ill worried him greatly. 他父亲生病使他很着急.(his father j falling ill 的逻辑主语)Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us

15、. 你来和我们一道工作,对我们是很大的鼓舞. (your 是coming to work with us的逻辑主语) His daughter winning the match surprised him. Toms coming is what we have expected.B: 作表语的动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作表语时,其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语,但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语. What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (Staying too late every night的逻辑

16、主语是her ) The main problem is your not having practiced a lot.C: 作定语的动词-ing形式 动词-ing形式作定语时,其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词. an interesting book (a book that interets its readers) a running stream (a stream that is running) 如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,就要用-ing形式的被动式. The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importan

17、t. D: 作宾语的动词-ing形式 动词-ing形式作宾语时,其逻辑主语常是句子的主语.如要明确动作的执行者,也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或不定代词、宾格代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格表示逻辑主语. I cant imagine John giving a speech in front of so many people. (John 是giving a speech 的逻辑主语) He was awakened by someone knocking at the door. (someone 是 knocking at the door 的逻辑主语) The boss under

18、stood him / his wanting to leave. (him / his 是wanting to leave 的逻辑主语) She is fond of coffee being served after dinner. 她喜欢饭后喝点咖啡. (coffee就是being 的逻辑主语) We were surprised at _ the exam.A. him not pass B. his passing notC. his not passingD. him not to passE: 作状语的动词-ing形式 动词-ing形式作状语,其逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致.

19、Entering the classroom , she found nobody in it .(she 就是entering 的逻辑主语) (改错) Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. 高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语,如 generally speakig , judging from ., considering ., talking of . Supposing 等, 它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致. 这种动词-ing形式本身可能是个介词(如considering )或可把它们当作一个插入语

20、. Supposing it rains , what will you do ? Judging from his accent , he must come from Canada.三、动词- ed形式 动词-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种,它具有动词的一些特点,同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能,在句子中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等.一、动词-ed形式的特征A: 动词-ed形式的构成 动词-ed形式只有一种形式,即传统语法中的过去分词.绝大部分的动词-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成也有一些动词是不规则的. limit -limited pretend -pretended cast

21、- cast spread - spread bite-bitten forgive -forgivenB:动词-ed形式的否定形式 动词-ed形式的否定形式是由not 或never 加动词-ed形式构成. _ to go in , he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去,他只好在外面等着. _ to his party , she got angry with him. 从未被邀请去他的聚会,她对他很生气.C:动词-ed形式的特征 动词-ed形式有被动的意思,有时也可表示完成的动作.(1) 动词-ed形式表示已完成的动作除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外, 动词-ed形式

22、可带有完成的意义,有的同时也带有被动的意义._ in the countrysied, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生长并长大,他对生物很感兴趣.The books , _ by Lun Xun , are popular with many Chinese people.The meeting _ yesterday is very mportant. 昨天举行的会议是很重要的.(2)及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思._ more time , I could have solved that riddle. 要是给充足的时间,我就能猜出那个

23、谜语. When you speak English , be sure to make yourself _(undertand)(3)不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意义,并不带有被动的含义. an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a retired worker = a worker who has retired参考答案动词不定式部分:一、动词不定式的特征和种类A: to be , To catch the trainB: to be raining , to be travelling C: to have lost ,

24、to have been invitedD: to have been living , to have been interruptingE: to be given out , to be sent to F: not to go out , Never to 二、关于不定式符号的几个问题A: make so much noise , not join us , listen to , call for , admire his courage , go home , wait for B: 常见的带介词to的短语 be used to , be given/addicted to , g

25、et down to , lead to , object to , put ones mind to , be related to , be equal to , devote oneself to , look forward to , pay attention to , stick to 动词- ing形式部分:一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类 A: Swimming , learning , talking and laughing , speaking , sending , taking B: Having lived , having missed , C: being discussed , being kept waiting , having been chosen to be , having been shown the lab , His not coming , not being , Not knowing , Not having studied 二、动词-ing形式的逻辑主语D: c 三、动词- ed形式B: Not allowed , Never invitedC: Born and brought up , written , held , Given , understood -