2018年高考英语语法归纳总结.docx
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1、 第 40 页 共 40 页 高中英语语法归纳总结一、名词【知识精讲】名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 专有名词表示某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work一、 名词的数 在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点: 1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如: physics, linguistics, mathe
2、matics, politics, statistics, news , the United States 2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“.的人 / 物”。如:The meeting is a success.(2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词,
3、指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.(3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.3. 表示
4、一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如: chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉 / fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸 / papers试卷; water水 / waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间 5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a
5、 pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如: people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人) 7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如: belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops 8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各
6、个成员,则用复数,如: audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,publicl The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. l My family are going with me. 9. 单复数同形的名词,如: fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等l How man
7、y deer are there in Dafeng now? 10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses,
8、12 .专有名词的“数”,如: 史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽 two Marys 13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加s的方法来构成 three as; two buts; in ones twenties; in the 1980s(1980s) l Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟 l You mightnt as well use so many ands in your conversation. 14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:advice, baggage, ch
9、ange(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.二、 名词所有格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格, 1. 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如:the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。 2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加 ,如:the workers struggle工人的斗争。 3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加s, 如: her b
10、rother-in-laws bike, someone elses keys a day or twos rest 4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。 Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间) 5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所at the doctors 在我姐家at my sisters 6. 双重所有格,of +名词s 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my fathers , works of Lu Xuns
11、 注意:当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同 l This is a picture of my friends. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画 l This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片 三. 名词作定语 1. 一般用单数形式,如: a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如: sports meeting 运动会 st
12、udents reading-room 学生阅览室 a goods train 货车 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关3. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如: a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials 4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如: two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-
13、hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划二、冠 词【知识精讲】一、不定冠词(a/an) 1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any。A square has four sides.2. 用于某些物质名词前。 a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念 3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚 4. 用于某些固定结构中。 once upon a time , ha
14、ve a rest , take a bath , in a hurry , all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , Its a pity that . 5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n. 。He is so good a teacher that all of us like him6. 冠词放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to ha
15、ve a look at it7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”。Take this medicine three times a day.8. 用于同源宾语中:die a death ; dream a dream ; fight a fight ; sleep a sleep; live/lead a life; smile a smile 二、定冠词(the) 1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。如:Is this the book you are looking for?2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。但space表示“太空”,
16、nature表示“大自然”,均不能与冠词连用;但具体的天体前通常加定冠词。如:the stars,the moon,the sun,the universe等。3. 双方都知道或者在文中第二次提及的人或事物。We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy. 4. 用于表示方位的名词前。the east, the left, the south5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前。the tallestboyHe is the taller of the two brother
17、s.6. in + the + 数词复数式。如:in the early 1920s 7. the + 比较级 + , the + 比较级 + :; 越; 就越 。如: The harder you study English, the more progress you will make.8. the +姓氏复数:如the Greens, 格林一家 9. the + adj.; the + 分词。如:the rich 富人; the living 生者; the sick 病人; the unemployed 失业者; the ugly 丑的东西10.by the + 单位名词。如by t
18、he hour,按小时计 11.v. + sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位。如: A stone hit John on the head. 12.play + the + 乐器名称。如:play the piano.弹钢琴. 13.用在惯用语中。例如: in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark,in the
19、 rain,in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre三、零冠词:1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义。 2. 复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指; 如:Horses are useful animals. (思考: A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal) 3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词; l We made him president of USA. l Whos
20、 this, Mother? 4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词; 如:Have you had supper? 5. 表示季节、月份,星期或含day表节日的名词前不用冠词; 如:March, Christmas, Womens Day (但是:the Spring Festival ) 6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词; 如:his book; that cat; any people 7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词。如:by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ,Chinese, Engli
21、sh literature8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。 l husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side l to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table l Child as he is, he knows a lot of English. l At last, she turned doctor. (但是:She became a doctor.) 三、代词代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词
22、分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。连接代词和关系代词本章不做将讲解,参见其它章节。一人称代词人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称Youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem(1).人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。Does any of you know where Tom liv
23、es? Me.What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数和格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
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