Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Idioms英汉习语的主要来源及文化异同比较（英汉对照）.docx

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1、英汉习语的主要来源及文化异同比较Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Idioms 目录1.1Relationship between language and culture2语言和文化的关系21.1.1Definitions of language and culture 语言和文化的含义21.1.2语言和文化之间的关系5二、习语和文化11(一)习语的定义11(二)成语与文化之间的关系13三、对比研究英语和汉语dioms来源15(一)相似的英语和汉语成语的来源152。从文学作品163。从寓言和神话191。从历史典故24(二)在英语和汉语习语的来源

2、不同261。从娱乐和活动263-2.1 From Entertainment and Activities从娱乐活动来说283.2.3从商务和业务313.2.2从地理环境31四、Part V Implications335.1 Language Learning and Teaching335.2 Transiation of Idioms345.3 Rhetorical Device355.4 Culture Learning36五、总结361.1Relationship between language and culture语言和文化的关系1.1.1Definitions of lang

3、uage and culture 语言和文化的含义Language is a system of sounds, words, patterns, etc. used by humans to communicate thoughts and feelings. (Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary, 1997) It is a symbols of marked and national quality and historic significance Culture. The anthropologist Kluckho

4、hn once wrote, Human culture without language is unthinkable. The emergence of language was seen as the giant step ; made possible the remarkable and intricate system we call culture. Eugene A. Nidi, a famed American translator and translation theorist, while defining language and culture, pointed o

5、ut: Since culture is defined succinctly as totality of beliefs and practice of a society, nothing is of greater strategic importance than the language through which its beliefs are expressed and transmitted and by which most interaction of its members takes place.(Nidi, Eugene A. Lang age, Culture,

6、and Translating M, 1993.)When it is used in contexts of communication, it is bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways. Claire Karsh elaborates the relationship of language and culture as follows: To begin with, the words people utter refer to common experience. They express facts, ideas or

7、 events that are communicable; they refer to a stock of knowledge about the world that other people share. Words also reflect their authors attitudes and beliefs, their points of view that are also those of others. In both cases, language expresses cultural reality. (The Cambridge Guide to Teaching

8、English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001.)语言是“由声音、词语、伙伴等等过于用于人们交流想法和感受的系统”，(Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary, 1997)。它包含了符号和民族信仰、重大历史进步等等的象征意义。人类学家t Kluckhohn曾说过，“语言在人类文明中的重要性远远超出我们的想象。”语言的出现被视为一次巨大的进步，萌生了一个我们称之为文化的系统，让符号意义和沟通交流顺利实现。Eugene A. Nidi,一位举世闻

9、名的美国译者和翻译学家，当他谈到关于语言和文化的定义时，他指出：“自从文化用来。” (Nidi, Eugene A. Lang age, Culture, and Translating M, 1993.)当文化用以交流时，文化产生的背景界定了文化的组成部分和复杂程度的方式。Claire Karsh指出语言和文化的关系遵循以下几点规则：第一，人们使用词汇去交流经验。他们在交流中使用词汇来概括事件、表达想法或描述事实；他们将自己对世界的了解用一系列的知识表达出来并和他人分享。词汇表达了人们是自己的作者，表达了“自己的态度和信仰，关于某些自己或者别人的观点的立场”。在以上两点钟，语言表达了文化事实

10、。(The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001.) But members of a community or social group do not merely express experience; they also create experience through language. They give meaning to it through the medium they choose to communicate w

11、ith one another, for example, speaking on the telephone or face-to-face, writing a letter or sending an e-mail message, reading the newspaper or interpreting a graph or a chart. The way in which people use the spoken, written, visual medium itself creates meanings. Among them are understandable to t

12、he group they belong to, for example, through a speakers tone of voice, accent, conversational style, gestures and facial expressions. Through all its verbal and non-verbal aspects, language embodies cultural reality. For instance, as the 2008 Beijing Olympics drawing near, the Olympic mascot Fuwa h

13、as become a particular both Chinese-flavored and internationally-enjoyed cultural symbol. Whenever the five little cute Fuwa appeared, it has made splashes either home or abroad; Fuwa is not only a newly-created English word but also a newly-appearing cultural craze. Thus, we can safely reach the co

14、nclusion that language can also create culture.但社区或社会群体的成员不仅仅表达经验;他们也通过语言创造经验。他们赋予它的意义通过媒介选择与彼此交流,例如,在电话或面对面,写信或发送电子邮件,阅读报纸或解释一个图形或图表。人的方式使用口语,书面,视觉媒介 本身创造意义。它们之间是可以理解的,他们属于,例如,通过说话人的语调,口音,会话风格,手势和面部表情。通过语言和非语言方面,语言体现的文化现实。 例如,随着2008年北京奥运会的临近,奥运吉祥物福娃已经成为一个特定Chinese-flavored和internationally- enjoyed文

15、化的象征。只要五个可爱的福娃出现,它使飞溅国内或国外,福娃不仅是新英语单词也是newly-appearing文化热潮。因此,我们 可以安全地到达结论语言还可以创建文化。Language is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value. Speakers identify themselves and others through their use of languages; they view their languages as a symbol of their social identity. In

16、 China, for instance, so-called prodigy-preschool education has been and is now being an irreversible trend. Why? Because it has been long-harbored as a Chinese value that education is absolutely important for both parents and children, and even grand-parents. However, the over-loaded study burden a

17、nd the highly-stressed importance on marks just place the emotionally-needy kids at the end of their ropes. In Chinese, there is a saying going like this:玉不琢，不成器(spare the rod, spoil the kid). Sure, in America, there is also a saying like The best horse needs breaking, the attest child needs teachin

18、g. However, this teaching is not merely summoning, let alone over-stressed high expectations. Because in English, there is such an idiom that is A good horse should be seldom spurred. In America, kids are way more equal and free than those in China. Thus we can say that language symbolizes cultural

19、reality. In a word, language is a component of culture and plays a very important role in culture.语言是一个符号系统本身,被视为一个文化价值。使用者识别自己和他人通过他们使用的语言,他们认为他们的语言是他们的社会身份的象征。在中国,例如,所谓 prodigy-preschool教育,现在是一个不可逆转的趋势。为什么?因为它已经一直作为中国价值教育对父母和孩子是绝对重要的,甚至是外祖父 母。然而,超载压力大学习负担和重视标志只是把情感空虚的孩子在他们的绳索。在中国,有一种说法是这样的:玉不琢,不成器

20、(闲了棍子,惯了孩子)。当然, 在美国,还有一个说喜欢最好的马儿要人驯,证明的孩子要教。然而,这种教学不仅仅是召唤,更不用说压力太大寄予很高的期望。因为在英语中,有这样一个成语 “好马应该很少了。“在美国,孩子们的方式比在中国更平等和自由。因此我们可以说,语言象征着文化现实。总之,语言是文化的一个组成部分,在文化中起着非 常重要的作用。1.1.2 Relationship between language and cultureCulture is changeable and adaptable. Culture is liable to change because it is a dyn

21、amic system that does not exist in a vacuum. From the wandering nomads of thousands of years ago to the globalization nowadays in many aspects, cultures of various countries are constantly being confronted with ideas and information from outside sources and contact, by its very nature, brings change

22、. History abounds with examples of how cultures have changed because of laws, shifts in values, natural disasters, wars, or other calamities. Forces in the culture, as well as economic considerations, dramatically altered the role of women in the U. S., China and many other countries. In fact, both

23、men and women have made major adaptations to this cultural change. Events in the last few hundred years have scattered Jews throughout the world, yet their culture has adapted and survived and thrived. The Japanese government and its economy were nearly destroyed during the Second World War, yet bec

24、ause they could adapt, their culture has endured and it is now a major economic power in the world.1.1.2语言和文化之间的关系文化是多变的,适应性强。文化是容易改变,因为它 是一个动态系统,并不存在于真空中。从几千年前的流浪的牧民全球化如今在许多方面,各国文化不断地遇到想法和信息从外部来源和接触,本质上,带来改变。历 史上有很多的例子,因为法律文化发生了变化,如何变化值、自然灾害、战争或其他灾难。部队的文化,以及经济因素,极大地改变了角色的女性在美国。,中国和 许多其他国家。事实上,男人和女人

25、都有主要的适应这种文化的变化。事件在过去的几百年中散落世界各地的犹太人,但他们的文化适应和存留下来并得以发展。日 本政府和其经济几乎摧毁了第二次世界大战期间,然而,因为他们可以适应他们的文化经历了,它现在是世界上主要的经济力量。Culture has an important impact on all our lives and society. Cultural communication can promote the development of various countries. As the world evolves into the global village, the i

26、mportance of international communication takes an added urgency. However, the use of different languages blocks the exchange of different cultures. A tool to bridge the gap is translation. R. Schulte concisely portrays the role of the interpreter as we move into a global twenty-first century:The per

27、son who will have to play a major role in regulating the pendulum between global and local communication is the translator. Translators build bridges not only between languages but also between the differences of two cultures. We have established that each language is a way of seeing and reflecting

28、the delicate nuances of cultural perceptions, and it is the translator who not only reconstructs the equivalences of words across linguistic boundaries but also reflects and transplants the emotional vibrations of another culture.文化对我们的生活和社会有重要影响。文化交流可以促进各国的发展。随着世界发展到地球村,国际交流的重要性,需要一个额外的紧迫性。然而,使用不同的

29、语言 块不同文化的相互交流。翻译工具来缩小差距。r舒尔特简明地描述翻译的角色当我们搬到一个全球21世纪:人必须发挥重要作用在调节全球和地方之间的钟摆 交流是翻译。译者之间建立桥梁不仅语言之间,而且两种文化的差异。我们已经建立,每个语言是一种方式去审视和反映了微妙的细微差别的文化观念,是译者不仅 建构等价形式跨语言边界的词也反映了另一种文化的情感震动和移植。Translation is the transfer of the meaning of a text which may be a word or a book from one language to another for a new

30、 readership. Since language is part of culture, translation of language cant simply be the transfer of linguistic symbolsOver the recent 20 years, with the deepening of cultural studies, it has been commonly accepted that translation involves both language and culture. Translation deals not only wit

31、h timing the content in one language into another, but also with turning the cultural connotation in one language into another cultural form. So, it is quite necessary for a translator to think about the cultural connotation every unit may embody when translating. The film The First Blood is transla

32、ted into第一滴血.However, the translation cant reflect the cultural connotation behind the words. In fact, the first blood is an idiom full of cultural implication, referring to the first success in a contest. It will be more reasonable if translated into初战告捷or旗开得胜.In his essay Cultural Comparisons in T

33、ranslation, Professor WangZuohang(王佐良)said, A translator must be a real culturist. Its said that a translator must grasp two languages; indeed, he must. But without understanding the social cultural connotation in one language no one can really master the language. Even Eugene A. Nida once also poin

34、ted out that for truly successful translator, it is more important for him to get familiar with two cultures than to master two languages, because a word will make sense only in the cultural background it functions. 翻译是将一个文本的意义可以是一个词或一本书从一种语言到另一个新的读者。由于语言是文化的一部分,语言的翻译不只是语言符号的转移近 20年来,随着文化研究的深入,它已经被普

35、遍接受,翻译涉及两种语言和文化。翻译不仅处理时间在一种语言到另一个内容,也将一种语言翻译成另一种文化形式 的文化内涵。所以,翻译是非常必要思考每单位可能在翻译中体现的文化内涵。电影第一滴血是翻译成“第一滴血”。然而,翻译不能反映词汇背后的文化内涵。 事实上,“第一滴血”是一个成语的文化含义,指的是第一个成功的比赛。它将更合理如果翻译成“初战告捷”或“旗开得胜”。在他的散文翻译的文化比 较,WangZuohang教授(王佐良)说,“一个好的译者必须真正的培养者。据说,译者必须掌握两种语言,事实上,他必须。但没有理解一种语言的社会 文化内涵,没有人能真正掌握这门语言。即使是尤金a尼达曾指出,对于真

36、正成功的翻译,更重要的是让他熟悉两种文化比掌握两种语言,只因为一个词会有意 义的文化背景的功能。A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Human beings have common characters. They live on the same globe. Experiences and observations of the world are in many respects similar. Cultures of various countries a

37、lso have something similar or in common. All these similarities and generalities are inevitably embodied in languages. Thats why equivalents or close approximates can be found in terms of linguistic form and meaning. For example, the English idiom castles in the air has its absolute equivalent of Ch

38、inese idiom空中楼阁.However, culture is important in giving a language its characteristics, so the dissimilarities are naturally more apparent. In the process of translation, a translator is more often faced with cultural differences. Every country has its own ethnic groups, geographical location, relig

39、ious beliefs, values, political systems and so on. All these form the differences of national culture, which are also certainly embodied in language. The influence of culture on language brings difficulties to translating. Luo joined (1997), in his article On the Cultural Background of Certain Error

40、s and Defects in Translation, distinguished mistranslation of technical and cultural character and pointed out the lack of cultural awareness on the part of the translator is the cause of errors or defects of cultural nature in translating. Tan Zaixi once said, In the process of translation, whether

41、 a translators comprehension of a passage is right or not largely depends on his understanding of the culture concerned. As for a translator, if he doesnt have any knowledge about the comparison between the two cultures, it is impossible for him to have a correct comprehension or make a correct expr

42、ession of the source language. In translation, neglect of this often leads to errors. For example, childs play is often mistaken for儿戏and自食其言is mistranslated into eat ones words.译者应了解外国文化,以及他自己的人民的文化。人类有共同的特点。他们住在同一个地球。经验和观察世界在很多方面相似。文化不同的国家也有类似或相似之 处。这些相似性和概论都不可避免地体现在语言。这就是为什么等价物或关闭可以找到接近的语言形式和意义。例

43、如,英语成语“空中楼阁”有其绝对相当于中国成 语“空中楼阁”。然而,文化是重要的给其特点的语言,因此,自然是更明显的异同。在翻译过程中,译者往往面临着文化差异。每个国家都有自己的民族、地理位 置、宗教信仰、价值观、政治体制等。所有这些形成民族文化的差异,当然也体现在语言。文化对语言的影响给翻译带来了困难。罗加入(1997),在他的文章 中某些错误和缺陷的文化背景在翻译、专有技术和文化性格的误译,指出缺乏文化意识的译者是翻译文化性质的错误或缺陷的原因。谭Zaixi曾说,在翻译的过 程中,译者的一段的理解是否正确与否很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。至于翻译,如果他没有任何了解两种文化之间的对比

44、,他不可能有一个正确的理解和 源语言的正确表达。在翻译,忽视这常常会导致错误。例如,“孩子们的游戏”是经常被误认为“儿戏”和“自食其言”翻译成“食言”。As language is a tool for cultural dissemination and communication, translation is, of course, a bridge and an essential means of cultural understanding and exchange without translation, there will be no cultural communicati

45、on. Studies on the relationship of culture and translation will give an impetus to cultural communication, to the promotion of the prosperity of cultures in different countries and different nations, to the enrichment of the global culture and acceleration of the development of the world civilizatio

46、n. The purpose and characteristics of translation are to exchange ideas and culture. Therefore, translation is referred to as a cross-linguistic, cross-cultural and cross-social communication event. Christiane Nord (1991) even replaced translation with intercultural communication, and Holz-Manttari

47、(1984:17) used intercultural cooperation while Andre Lefebvre (1992) viewed it as acculturation. Daniel Shaw (1988) created a word transculturation.语言是文化传播和交流的工具,翻译是,当然,一座桥和一个重要的文化理解和交流没有翻译,就没有文化交流。研究文化与翻译的关系来促进文化交流,为促进文 化在不同的国家和不同的国家的繁荣,全球文化的浓缩和加速世界文明的发展。翻译的目的和特点是交流思想和文化。因此,翻译被称为跨语言、跨文化和 cross-soci

48、al交流活动。克里斯蒂北部(1991)甚至取代翻译与跨文化交流,和Holz-Manttari(1984:17)使用跨文化合作 而安德烈Lefebvre(1992)认为这是“文化适应”。丹尼尔肖(1988)创造了一个词“文化嫁接”。Language and culture rely on each other. Without language, culture would be impossible. Language is the base of entire culture, and that it is only in language that culture can be well

49、preserved and handed down from generation to generation. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture; it expresses culture, it reflects culture and it creates culture. Language reflects characteristics of culture and predicts the developing orientation of culture. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people. The d