高中英语动词不定式精讲.doc

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date高中英语动词不定式精讲精锐教育班主任必读中学英语动词不定式精讲 动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质，它可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有形式的变化，即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。同时，动词不定式也具有非动词的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状

2、语。一、 动词不定式的特征和种类 动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省动词不定式的时态和语态 主动式 被动式一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 无完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing 无否定式：not + (to) do二、 动词不定式的用法 动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。 A动词不定式作主语 不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。 1不定式短语在句首作主语 To know oneself is difficu

3、lt. 人贵有自知之明。 To say is one thing and to do is another. 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. 爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。 2用it作形式主语 在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构显得平稳一些。 Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。 It is i

4、mpossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort. 想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。 It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time. 浪费了这么多时间，真是遗憾。 注意： 当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。 To become a slave is to give up ones freedom. 做奴隶就等于放弃自由。 B 动词不定式

5、作表语 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。 What he hoped was to be admitted into the university. 他希望能被大学录取。 To live is to do something worthwhile. 活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。 C 动词不定式作宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 1作动词的宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。 Father likes to l

6、isten to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。 He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。 I never thought to meet you here. 我没想到在这里遇见你。 在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我发现有可能

7、不用计算机而解出这道题目。 She made it a rule to get up at five. 她养成了五点起床的习惯。 I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。 在表示“希望、打算”等动词（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 I intended to have called on you, but was

8、 prevented from doing so. 我原想来拜访你的，但没来成。 I expected to have met him here last night. 我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。（但没做到） We meant to have stayed there a week. 我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。 I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so. 我原想写一封信给她，但忘记了。 2作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。 The teacher made no comments excep

9、t to tell him to work hard. 老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。 D 动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。 1在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有：see, hear, feel, watch, not

10、ice, observe, look at, listen to等。 I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我听见他们唱歌了。 Did you see him go out 你看见他出去了吗？ I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。 注意：转为被动语态时，原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice和watch没有被动语态。 We saw the car stop. n The car was seen to stop. 我们看见这辆车停了下来。 2在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。 这类动词有

11、：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式（have没有被动语态）。 有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有： 一感二听三让四观看。 一感：feel 二听：hear,listen to 三让：let,have,make 四观看：observe,see,watch.,look at What would you have me do 你要我做什么？ She made him give up smoking. 她让他戒了烟。 Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。 Though he had

12、 often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。 E 动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。 1主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会十分美好的。 He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他总

13、是第一个来最后一个离开。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 2动宾关系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他总是有许多信要写 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. 老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。 注意：由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式是

14、不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。 He has no friend to depend on. 他没有可依靠的朋友。 Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。 F 动词不定式作状语 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 1表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer. 我在存钱买电脑。 To save

15、 the child, he laid down his life. 为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。 注意：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构（so as to do不可以置于句首）。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 为了吸引注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。 Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。 2表示结果 He got to the stati

16、on only to find the train had gone. 他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。 What have I said to make you so angry 我说了什么话使你气成这样？ After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散会后，他们分手了，从此再也没有见面。 必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。 1） so . as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ 2） such . as to

17、 do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到竟会相信他。 3） enough to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 5） too . to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的视力太差了，不能看这么小的字。 注意：t

18、oo.to.结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，动词不定式不表示结果，也没有否定的意思。 The boy was too eager to get a geography book. 那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理书。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。 3表示原因 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我当时不听你的话，真是傻瓜。 She wept to find him in such a d

19、ifficult situation. 看到他处于这么困难的情形，她哭了。 4表示条件 A man would be blind not to see that. 一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。 How can you catch the train to start so late 这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？三、省略 to 的情况 let, make ,have, feel, hear , listen to, see, watch, notice sb. do sth.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.

20、 I often see them play basketball together.I heard him sing in the next room yesterday. would rather do(than), had better do, why not do， cant but do，cant help but do(不能不); do nothing but doId rather give up the chance than betray the friendship between us.Youd better tidy your bedroom. Why not visi

21、t your cousin in Japan?You cant help but respect him.There is nothing to do but wait until it stops raining.四 易错难点1）比较：It is + adj. for sb to do sth. 这个句型中的形容词常用 important, necessary, easy, hard，useful 等表示to do sth.的属性It is +adj. of sb to do sth. 这个句型中的形容词常用 kind, good, nice, wise, clever, silly, fo

22、olish, stupid, careless, rude, considerate，right, wrong等表示人的品质Eg. Its rude_ him to speak to your father that way. 不定式还可以和what, where, how, when, which等连接代词（副词）连用，在句中做主语。Eg. How to deal with the rubbish is a big problem.2）Adverbial(动词不定式在句中作状语) 表示目的；原因；结果；条件目的: in order to ; so as to(不放句首); to doChec

23、k your composition so as to avoid mistakes.结果：soas to ; such as to; enough to; only to; tooto; nevertoHe lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.He arrived at the station too late to catch the bus.特殊用法：tooto结构在下列情况下无否定意思。当形容词是anxious(急切的，渴望的); delighted（高兴的）; eager; glad; kind; pleased; ready;

24、 willing等时。Im too pleased to see you here. Hes too willing to help you. One is never too old to learn.他气得一句话都说不出来._（三）课后作业1. It is not always easy _ invitations.A. to refuse B. refusing C. to be refused D. being refused2. _ now seems impossible.A. Saving money B. To save moneyC. Being saved money D.

25、 To be saved money 3. To answer correctly is more important than _A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quicklyD. you finish quickly4. How _ the problem will be discussed at tomorrows meeting.A. to solveB. to be solvedC. being solved D. solving5. It was polite _ the child to give up hi

26、s seat to the elderly woman.A. forB. ofC. toD. with6. Is it necessary _ the book immediately?A. for him to returnB. that he returnsC. his returningD. of him to return7. It _ forty-five minutes _ there by bus.A. cost, to getB. takes, gettingC. takes, to getD. takes, to get to8. It is no good _. You s

27、hould give_.A. to smoke, it upB. smoking, it up C. smoking, up itD. to smoke, up it9Her wish is _ an engineer. A. becomingB. becomeC. to becomeD. being come10. He seems _ here for three years. A. to be livingB. to have lived C. to have been livedD. to live11. Her son promised _ in the bedroom until

28、the baby stopped _. A. staying, to cryB. to stay, cryingC. for staying, to cryD. to stay, to cry12. I forbid _ here. Who has permitted you _ here? A. smoking, to smokeB. smoke, smoking C. smoking, smokingD. to smoke, smoking13. He is _ honest a man _ a lie. A. so, to tellB. too, to tellC. very, to t

29、ellD. such, that tell14. He is said _ for five years. A. to have diedB. to have been deadC. to dieD. dead15. He devoted his life to _ the atomic theory. A. studyB. be studiedC. studyingD. have studied16. If you want to be a writer, I suggest that you should pay attention to _ the works of Lu Xun. A.

30、 readB. readingC. readerD. be read17. He is an experienced driver and he is used _ in all kinds of weather. A. to drivingB. to driveC. for drivingD. to have driven18. -“Did you get in touch with them later?”-“Yes, I finally succeeded _ them by phone.” A. to reachB. to reachingC. reachingD. in reaching19. Tom did nothing but _ back what he had said. A. takenB. tookC. takingD. take20. -“Would you like to go with us for a picnic tomorrow?” -“Yes, _.” A. I would likeB. Id like to goC. Id loveD. Id like to-