初高中英语笔记.docx

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1、初高中英语笔记(上) 这原本是我高考后暑假整理给表妹们的英语资料，内容涵括了自己初高中的所有重点英语笔记。 现在共享在这吧，我希望有需要的人好好珍惜，毕竟是我两个黄金月的心血= = 简介： 语法为主，内容已经多方考证，但无法排除个别疏漏。 据个人经验，所录语法知识足以应对高中乃至大学英语专业任何考试，但不能适用所有人。 属于知识总结，对梳理知识结构、增进语法理解较有帮助，无法代替教材= = 废话。 若能熟悉此间所有要点，笔试成绩可至中上；若再辅以适量语法、阅读练习，前列应不难。 我说话比较客观，而用不用、能否用好，就全看你自己啦 符号说明： 1.sp=某处sb=某人sth=某事st=某时 2.

2、（）=可省略（:）=:=例如 3.“A*B/C/D/*.”结构的句子表示两个*之间的B、C、D等部分可互换，如： 4.“XA/BC/D.”表示XAC或XAD或XBC或XBD的搭配皆可（越多竖表分层越多） 5.that后空白一般表示“that引起的从句（：that it is true）” 6.“A（:B）C”表示AC间可插入例如B的成分：a (:good) man可表示a man或a怎样的man 7.N=n.名词,V=v.动词,P=pron.代词，CN=cn.(可数N),UN=un.(不可数N) 8.“that（should）”表一种句式：I suggest that you (should)

3、 go. 其中should可省可不 9.在有些情况下（：如虚拟语气第7点），do=动词原形，did=动词过去式，done=过去分词 10.“：approve (of) sth批准（赞同）”表示无of时为“批准”义，有of时为“赞同”义 *重要单词：（建议利用字典掌握以下各词用法及常见搭配）and/break/bring/but/cut/call/check/carry/come/cast /clear/close/cover/ get/give/go/hold/hand/put/turn/look/leave/or/put/p ull/run/set/send/side/see/ take/t

4、urn/throw/ 重要语法 1. no matter+X可作状语（：X=how/where/when/what/who/which）=X+ever可作状、宾语：*No matter who/Whoever* comes,Ill meet him.(此作状语)，Ill meet whoever comes.(此作宾语，不可换no matter X) 2. sth be of +X： （1） X=抽象N时，意为相应adj（：be of value=valuable） （2） X=普通N该词无相应adj形式时，表性质（：be of good size尺寸好） （3） X=a/an/one+N，表

5、“同一的”(：A and B are of a color.AB同色 ) （4） X=物质N，表材料（：be of wood） 3. 红色部分为同位语：in the year (of) 2006 4. 某些V（：see,find）可以以事物为主语：Evening found a boy crying in the street./The year has seen a lot of rain.（类似拟人） 5. as 与the same,such,as,so等连用时，可在定从中作关系代词：He is the same man as stole money.句中as充当who,不可再加who 6

6、. get sb to do强调“to do”的这一动作/get sb doing令之处于某种状态/get sb/sth（:the car）done(:started)使之被（启动） 7. 不定式（to do）常表结果出乎意料：例见重要短语3（only to do）；现在分词（doing）常表正常情况：He died,leaving 2 children with his wife.“死后留下孩子和他妻子一起”是意料中的事，所以用doing 8. “A小/大B几岁”的表达： “他大我两岁”He is *senior to me by 2 years/2 years senior to me/o

7、lder than I by / older than I/my senior by * (*若要表达“小我2 岁”则将senior改为junior即可) 9. 红为同源宾语：stick a stick into sp/dream a good dream/live a happy life/ 10. from后常可接介词短语：Get it from under the desk. 11. not/a/an+比较级=最高级：It couldnt be anyworse.没有比那更糟的了 12. that与as，as表同类，that表就是那个：This is the purse that（就是我

8、的）/as（和我的一样） I lost. 13. 序数词+adj./adv.最高级：the third tallest由高到低排第3的 14. have sb do sth令做/have sb doing让一直做/have sth done（1）叫别人做（2）表遭遇：I have my bike stolen./ get/leave sb to do 15. I did nothing but wait.前有do,did,does,done后用V原形do/I have no choice but to do.无则后用不定式to do 16. ：He is the only one of the

9、 boys who is唯一的一人/He is only one of the boys who are众人中一个 17. V主动形式表被动含义（即用do/did/does表示be done的含义）： （1） 连系词：feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,look：It tastes good.味道美（用does形式表“被尝”） （2） 某些短语：happen,take,place,belong to,break out,last,give out （3）表事物内在品质、特性的词：wash,catch,cut,write,open,read,shut：This suit c

10、atches fire easily.(易着火) 18. 作“某个”义时，certain表示说话者知道该人/物而不想说明确/some表说话者不认识该人/物：There is a certain man who/There is some man who（*some已有“某一”义，不需再加a） 19. He jumps so high.他能跳这么高。（只说事实）/ that .他能跳那么高！（含感情色彩） 20. very不修饰asleep,awake,alone,alive：Im very awake.是错的说法，正确为Im wide/fully .，也不修饰perfect,dead,read

11、y,impossible,wrong,mistaken此类词可用quite修饰：Its quite perfect. *perfect可作V，使完美，无比较级或最高级 21. tell sb (about) sth告诉某人（告诉有关的事）：tell me *his name他的名/about his name有关他名字的事* 22. 与建筑搭配时,of表建筑一部分，to表通往的地方：the gate of the hall大厅的门/ to 去大厅的门 23. none需由how many提问：-Whos in?-Nobody.(此处不用none) 24. less不作表语：It should

12、be less.错 25. ：I went there on Tuesday afternoon,若含every：I went there every Tuesday afternoon作时间状语时，不需on 26. 有before,after等词表示动作先后时,主从句的谓语词态可一致：He went home before I got there.(went或had gone皆可) He had gone there when I arrived.(无表先后的词，应该用完成时) 27. 表状态或心理时，即使有2或2个以上的动作亦不必用完成时表先后：Moved by his words,she

13、 cried.不需用Having been moved 28. try sb for the job试用（因工作已定，用the）/try for a job=look for a job（未定则a） 29. ：I met a man *by the name of Tom/Tom by the name/with the nameTom(无of)*. 30. ：a book *on sth(:travel)理论较多/about sth描述较多* 31. much修饰由V变来的adj：sb be much surprised to do/very用于修饰纯粹的adj(即非V变化过来的)：very

14、 nice 32. begin todo开始某动作/begin doing有意识要（未动手） 33. ：Every man has（every与修饰词分开时）/Everybody had their（不分时） 34.用one作主语后亦应该用one：One must love ones country.每个人都应爱自己的国家 35. doing形式作定语时，现在分词可改为从句：a waiting car=a car which is waiting：动名词不可：a living room=a room for living 36. 在compared作状语时,搭配to或with意义相同：Comp

15、ared with/to that cat,this one is more lovely.跟那一只猫比起来， (*若不是此种用法，应注意compare A with B把AB作比较/compare A to B把A比作B) 37. While意思可=although尽管：While it rained,we went there as planned./= but然而(表对比)：He is Chinese,while Im English. /=as long as只要：There will be life while there is water and air. 38. sb be *a

16、bout to do/doing* (,) when（*when在此为并列连词=at the moment,之前的“,”可加亦可不加） 39. since后为持续V时译为相反意思： He has often written to me since I was ill.因为be ill为持续状态，意思应译为相反：在我病好后他常写信给我。 此句也等于He since I got well.(got为短暂V，应直译) 40. word作“消息”“流言”义时不加冠词：Word came that he was dead.（word前无a/the等冠词） 41. every+基数词（：one,two）+

17、CN复数=every+序数词（：first）+N单数：every 4 years=every fourth year每4年（每隔3年） 42. ：Nice to meet you here.(to do在相遇时用)Nice having you here.（doing在分别时说） 43. 多数抽象词为UN，但有些在赋予具体含义后可当作CN：get a practical knowledge of sth 44. *a good/not a/quite a/some* few不少，相当多/no fewer than不少于/only a few仅有 45. have to前可+助V（be,have

18、,do,will,shall）/情态V； have got to意思=have to,但前不可加助V或情态V，有：have not got to, Have sb got to do？ 46. sb be too+easy/ready乐意/eager/willing/pleased/glad/difficult/anxious/时，不含否定意，此时too=very much ：He is too glad to do it.他做得很开心（*比较The price is too high to afford.价格太高以至于无法付款） 47. sb will makesth(:a doctor)将

19、成为/make+组织（：the football team）有条件成为一员 48. asas用于否定、肯定句皆可/(not) soas与其说不如说，只用于否定句：He isnt so much a writer as a reporter. 49. for+持续时间，在肯定句用持续V，否定句中可用短暂V：He hasntleft（短） home for a month.一月未离家。 特例：He has come（短）for 3 days.将住3天 50. 有关there be： There is importance/necessity/ that(should)=It is importan

20、t/necessary/ that(should)/ There is (no) need *to do/for sth There is no use doing=It is no good/use doing/ There be sth to choose from.那里有可供选择。（表从中选择时“from”不可省）/ there is (no) *point/sense* (in) doing做（没）有意义/ there isa good chance that有可能发生/there is (no) possibility *to do/that 51. need作情态V时，只用于疑问句

21、、否定句，有neednt do*没有：I need go.；作实义V时，有(dont) need to do/ dare作情态V时，后不接doing,否定句的not放后：I dare not go.；作实义V时，有dare to do 有时态无人称变化：Nobody *dared(过去时，时态有变)/dare(一般现在时，无加s)* say so. 52. which指人时加of：Which of you knows it? 53. ：She is what is called句中what=the one that；：all that (：you need)=what （：you need）*

22、即无all what (：you need) 54. whether与if：(1)从句否定不用whether用if：I dont know if he is not right.(2)作主语只用whether不用if 55. if,when引导时间状语从句时不用将来时：Do you know when he will go?(因when在此引导宾从则可用将来时) 56. such和so： （1） such+un.(：such water)/cn.的复数形式（：such clever boys）此时such不可改为so （2） N前有many,much,few,little修饰，只用so：so

23、many boys （3） 当谓语为情绪化V，so that的so可提至V前以强调感情色彩：He likes it so that=He so likes it that 57. 从句有notuntil/neednt do,不可否定转移（否即是在语法中如I think he is not的not应提前变为I dont think he is） ：I suppose he wont go until night.(不可改为I dont suppose)I believe that you neednt go.(不改为I dont believe) 58. almost+no/never/none

24、/nothing：Its certain to succeed. nobody saw it.，没有not almost 重点 1. Seen from sp,A looks nice.从看过去，A看起来很漂亮。 此句A为“see”的宾语，即“A被看”，因此状从由see的过去分词seen引起表被动 Looking outside,I find sth.往外看，我见到。 此句I为“look”的主语，因此状从由现在分词looking引起表主动 *：Sixty students are there,*including 25 boys./25 boys included.*include置前时“60

25、个学生”是“include”的主语，因而用doing;置后时，“，”后变为独立主格结构，“25个男生”变成主语，是被“include”,所以用ed形式 2.部分否定(即不都是)： *X+not/not+X*(：All the boys are not Chinese.=The boys are notall Chinese.不是所有男生都是中国人)： X=(1)两者both/(2)两者以上all/every/the whole/（3）副词类everywhere/absolutely/always/completely/entirely/w holy/quite/ 全否定（即都不是）： (1)

26、两者neither=noteither：Neither he nor I am .都不在 (2) 两者以上notany/none/no one/nobody/nothing/ (3) 副词类nowhere/notat all/not a bit/never/ 3.定语从句与同位语从句的区别： （1） 引导同从的that为连词，起连接作用不做句子成分；引导定从的that为关系代词，起连接作用也做成分 （2） 同从与N是同一内容，定从对N起修饰作用 （3） 同从的that不省 （4） 同从多位于N后，引导词多为that，此外how,when,why,where等亦可（which不行） 4.形容词排

27、序：(a)+(b)+（i）+被修饰词 （a） 限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词）：a,the,my (f ) 颜色 （b） 描绘性词：good,brave,nice (g ) 国籍/地区/出处 （c） 大小/长短/高低：little,tall (h ) 物质/材料 （d） 形状：round,square ( i ) 用途 （e） 年龄/新旧：old 例：a nice small round old brown French wooden writing desk *排序可由“好美(指b中“good好”“nice美”一类词)/小高（c）/状(d)/其新(e)，颜色(f)/国(g)/料(h)/特别

28、亲”14字记忆 （“特别亲”指由ai越往后越接近被修饰词） 5.倒装： （1） 否定词如nor,neither,hardlywhen,seldom,never,no soonerthan,little等置句首时用倒装 ：Seldomdo I go to school.=I seldom go to school.*In no case+倒装，Under/In no circumstances+倒装 （2） so+be/have/助V/情态V+主语的句型：He likes it.So do I. （3） there be句：例见重要语法第50 （4） here,there,out,in,up,d

29、own,away等副词开头时：Outrushed the boy.主语为人称代词则主谓语序不变：Here it is. （5） 直接引语于句首：“Bye!”said Tom. （6） only+副词/介词短语/状从于句首：0nly by this can we get there. （7） 强调表语、状语或使衔接紧密时：Among them ishe.（注意he为此句主语不能改为him） （8） 在“adj/N/V+as/though”的让步状语从句中：Pretty as she is,she is rude. 单数CN前无adj时，省略冠词：Hero as he was,he had his

30、 faults.尽管他是英雄，他也有犯错。 有adj时，应加冠词：A happy boy as he is,he即便他是个开心的孩子，他也 (9) not onlybut also句前分句应倒装后分句不变语序：Not only is he kind,but he also smart. *not onlybut also连接并列主语时不需倒装：Not only A but also B like it. (10) not until句中前不倒装后倒装：Not until I got there did I (11) 在表祝愿的祈使句：May you win! (12) No soonertha

31、n句中从句不倒装主句倒装：No sooner had he done it than he saw Tom.刚要完成就看到 (13) Hardlywhen句中从句不倒装主句倒装：Hardly had I got here when I saw 6.直接引语变为间接引语时态不变的情况： （1） 真理：He said water freezes at O. （2） 历史事件：He said World War II ended in 1945. （3） 习惯：He said he smokes everyday. （4） 部分情态V：must,ought to,used to,had better

32、 7.独立主格结构： 主语（N或pron.）+分词(:doing)/to do/N/P/adj./adv./介词短语 ：Weather permitting(无需谓语),I will go.；He came in,book under arms.此句book和arms前均不加冠词，应化为最简 8. 表达倍数：（*各种形式倍数词均在最前） (1)倍数词+as+adj/adv+as (2)倍数词+adj/adv的比较级+than (3)倍数词+the *size/height/length/weight/width/depth*+of ：This book is 3 times *as long

33、as/longerthan/the length of* that one. *以CN为参照时：Its twice as largean island as that.以UN为参照：used half as much energy as 9.有关情态V： 1 情态V+have done： a.must/may/might have done表对过去推测can/could have done表推测时只用于否定句、疑问句，若用于肯定句表过去能做的事 b.should/ought to have done表过去该做而没做的指责 c.neednt have done不必做却做了 d.would hav

34、e done表过去可能性，“就会已经做了” 比较：He must have done it yesterday,didnt he?由明确过去时间（：yesterday）判断非完成时而是属1的情况，后用didnt; He must have lived here for many years,hasnt he?由一段时间看出为完成时，按完成时在反意疑问句的规则,后用hasnt 2 表建议、劝告时，should语气较委婉，带感情色彩；ought to表有义务 3 shall用于I,we后表意愿，对于二、三人称表威胁、命令、规定、请求、许诺：Shall he have a try?（此表请求） sh

35、all可表法律、条约、规章的义务：”It shall be”declared the judge.“这件事应该”法官宣布。 shall在否定句(即变为shant)用于二、三人称表说话人意愿：You shant have my pen if you dont take care of it. 4 may征求许可，表可能性 5 must主观上的“必须”（have to是客观的“不得不”）。Need sb do?的肯定回答用“Yes, sb must”否定用“No,sb needt” 6 should可表示意想不到：It is strange that he should tell a lie.竟然

36、 7 must可表说话者在某一次特定场合的不满、不情愿：Why must you be so late?(责怪某人某一次太迟) will可表说话者对某人一向习惯的不满：Why will you always comb your hair at table?(责备某人向来在餐桌边梳发的习惯) 8 may/might/will/would可+be able to，其他情态V不可 10.虚拟语气： （1）表所说非事实而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、可能、空想：If I were you,I would not go with him. （2）表与过去事实相反或不符的条件和结果：If I had k

37、nown the fact,I would not have gone with him. （3）表与将来可能相反：If we were to be punished,we would not come back. （4）as if引导状语或表语，V一般用虚拟（若有be应改为were），假如该事可实现则不用虚拟：He treats me as if I were a fool. （5）wish后谓语常用过去式表现在情况，过去完成式表过去，用would/could/might+V原形表将来：I wish that she were here. （6）that(should)句式是虚拟语气的一种形

38、式，详见重要句式第30条 *补充： 1It is necessary/important/urged/arranged/strange/natural /requested/ordered/suggested/（此类词特点为所叙述的事不一定会发生，只是一种主观愿望、命令等*一般没有It is insisted that） that(should) 2insist that表“坚持要求”用虚拟语气(thatshould)，表“坚持说某事如何”则不用：I insist that I didnt steal. （7）虚拟语气在条件从句用法为:（ =would/should/could/might）

39、1表现在情况If sb did sth,主+ +do.：例见（1） 2过去情况If sb had done sth,主+ +have done.：见（2） 3未来情况*If sb did sth/If sb should do sth/If sb were to do sth*,主+ +do.：见（3） 此类表假设的虚拟语气常可用倒装：Were I you(=If I were you),I would go. (8) It is (high) time（that）sb did sth(用一般过去时) (9) sb would rather sb did(比较I would rather do

40、 sth) (10)含may的祝愿、口号：May you succeed! (11)混合虚拟语气即句子前后时间不一：If he had gone there,he wouldnt be in hospital now.前为以前的事，后为现在的情况 11.it,one,that的比较： (1) it与前面所说的是同名同物；one,that与前同类，同名异物 (2) it可代指N性从句/doing/to do作形式主、宾语；one,that没有这种用法 (3) it,that可指代上文一部分或整句话；one不可：How to do it better?That is the question. (

41、4) one是“同类中一个”，表泛指=a/an+N；that表特指=the+N (5) one只指代CN，复数形式为ones；that可指代CN/UN，复数为those (6) one可有前或后的修饰语或者无修饰；that只可有后修饰语：The goods here are better than thatin that shop. 12.双重所有格： 后特指前不特指：This is a bike ofthe boys.(the不用a/an等表泛指的词,加his,her则可) This is a son of Marys.(a不用the，否则变特指) 13.反意疑问句： 构成形式：You ca

42、n/cant swim,cant/can you?你（不）会游泳，不是吗？ 陈述部分（肯定/否定）+附加疑问部分（否定/肯定） 要点：（1）主语为不定P如everything,something,anything,nothing或指示P如this,that时，的主语用it； 若前为these,those则后用they：Nothing can stop us,can it?/These arent his,are they? (2)主语为不定P如X-body,X-one(X=some,every,no),后主语用they,有时用he ：Everybody knows it,dont they/d

43、oesnt he?/Nobody phoned while I was out,did they? (3)主语为从句、to do、doing，后用it：Walking is good,isnt it? (4)there be句中，后用there：There is a boy,isntthere? Seem to be,exist,live,stand,remain,lie,enter等可在there be句中代替be,此时的主语用there,形式为“助V+there” ：Thereseems to be something wrong,doesnt there? (5)为祈使句时，用will/

44、wont you 表请求；当祈使句为否定，只用will you ：Come here,will/wont you?/Dont go there,will you? *Lets go,shall we?（征求意见）/Let us go,will you?（表请求） (6)含had better,would rather,would like等时，部分用hadnt或wouldnt ：Youd better go ,hadnt you?/Youd rather stay here,wouldnt you? (7)含否定词nowhere,never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,none,n obody,nothing,few,little时，用肯定形式； 含否定词缀(：un-)，用否定形式：He never say so,did he?/He is unlike his brother,isnt he? (8)含宾从时，的主谓语常与主句的主谓语一致，而当