多视角研究生英语课文翻译.docx

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1、Unit 1 SchoolingPassage 1 Marva Collins WayMarva was a striking woman with high cheekbones and strong angular features.马文是一个引人注目的女人,她有着高高的颧骨，瘦而强健。 Slender though not willowy, Marva was immediately discernible(可辨别的) in a crowdeven without the visibility afforded by her heightfor she had acquired a po

2、ise（体态，姿态） and sophistication（成熟，有教养的） that gave her appearance a deliberate（深思熟虑的） style. 马文老师瘦削而不软弱，就算她没有那么高，在人群中时还是一眼就能识别出来因为她有着特别的镇静及教养，这些都使她有了一种严谨的风格。In Marvas opinion, it was important to have a unique imprint（印记）给人留下独特的印象是很重要的。There was excitement building and Marva worked the momentum, like

3、an entertainer（表演者） who felt the pulse脉搏 of an audience. 马文老师触动了孩子们兴奋的神经，她就像是一个能够触到观众脉搏的表演者。 she was so determined. Or just plain简单的 stubborn顽固. 马文老师意志坚定抑或仅仅是固执。 Passage 2: Why Tough Teachers Get Good ResultsI had a teacher once who called his students idiots when they screwed up弄砸了. He was our orch

4、estra conductor指挥, a fierce凶的 Ukrainian immigrant named Jerry Kupchynsky, and when someone played out of tune走调, he would stop the entire group to yell.曾经有一位老师，他把那些将事情搞砸了的学生称为“白痴”。这位老师名叫杰里，是一位令人望而生畏的乌克兰移民，他当时担任我们的乐队指挥。当有人在演奏中音调不准时，他会让整个乐团停下来，然后大吼 The conventional传统的 wisdom holds that teachers are su

5、pposed to tease取笑，梳理 knowledge out of students, rather than pound it into their heads. Projects and collaborative合作的 learning are applauded; traditional methods like lecturing and memorization - derided as被嘲笑为 drill and kill - are frowned upon不赞成, dismissed辞退 as a surefire一定会发生的 way to suck young mi

6、nds dry of creativity and motivation. 人们普遍认为，教师应该帮学生们梳理知识，而不是将要点硬敲进他们的脑袋。进行项目与协作性学习会受到人们的称赞；而像讲课灌输及死记硬背这样的传统方法则被嘲笑为“训练与扼杀”会令人不悦，会被当成吸干年轻头脑创造性与积极性的一种方式而遭到人们唾弃。 Rote learning, long discredited, is now recognized as one reason that children whose families come from India (where memorization is still pr

7、ized) are creaming their peers in the National Spelling Bee Championship. 死记硬背机械性学习法长期以来都遭到质疑，但如今却被认为是那些来自印度（死记硬背在那里仍然很受重视）家庭的孩子在全美拼字比赛(National Spelling Bee Championship)中能将同龄人远远甩在身后的一个原因。 The fear, of course is that failure will traumatize our kids, sapping them of self-esteem. 当然了，我们担心的是：失败将令我们的孩

8、子在精神上受到创伤、使其自尊心尽失。 The researchers had assumed that the most effective teachers would lead students to knowledge through collaborative learning and discussion. 研究人员曾认为，大多数教学最高效的老师是通过协作学习与讨论来使学生掌握知识的。 Unit 2 MusicPassage 1: The Mozart Effect: How Music Makes You SmarterIn the workplace, music raises

9、performance levels and productivity by reducing stress and tension, masking irritating sounds and contributing to a sense of privacy.在工作场所，音乐“通过减少压力和紧张，掩盖刺激性声音和促进隐私感来提高绩效水平和生产力。Dr. Lozanov proved conclusively that by using certain Baroque pieces, foreign languages can be mastered with 85-100% effect

10、iveness in 30 days, when the usual time is 2 years.洛扎诺夫博士断言，听特定的巴洛克音乐，可以让你在30天内掌握外语的效率达到85-100，而通常需要的时间是2年 These special music Mozart Effect pieces, recorded at just the right tempo, activate the left and right brain for the maximum learning/retention effect. 这些特殊的莫扎特音乐，按照合理的节拍播放，可以激活左右脑使其达到最大的学习或记忆

11、效果 For the first time, researchers also have located specific areas of mental activity linked to emotional responses to music. 研究人员还首次发现了与音乐情感反应相关的特定心理活动区域。Music is biologically part of human life, just as music is aesthetically part of human life. 音乐在生物学上是人类生活的一部分，就像音乐在美学上是人类生活的一部分一样。Passage 2: “Mo

12、zart Effect” Dispelled: Music Study Does Not Make Children SmarterA new study dispels the notion cherished among certain classes of Americans that music improves a childs intelligence. 一项新的研究消除了某些美国人所珍视的观点，即音乐能提高孩子的智力。To this point, only a few dozen studies have examined the purported mental benefit

13、s of studying music, and only five used randomized controlled studies, studies designed to isolate causal effects.对于这一点，仅有几十项研究检验过传闻中的学习音乐对智力的益处，其中只有5项采用了随机对照研究，即所设计的研究将因果效应分离出来。Although lasting no more than 15 minutes or so, the effect was touted as a sustainable boost to general intelligence, with

14、 Georgia Governor Zell Miller in 1998 promising more than $100,000 in funding per year to provide every child in the state with a recording of classical music. 尽管这一效应只持续了大约15分钟，但却被吹嘘成智力有可持续的提高，乔治亚州州长泽尔米勒就在1998年承诺每年拿出超过1000,000美元的资金用于给该州每位儿童提供一张古典音乐的唱片。We dont teach kids Shakespeare because we think

15、it will help them do better on the SATs, we do it because we believe Shakespeare is important.” 我们教孩子们莎士比亚不是因为我们认为真能帮助他们在大学入学考试中做得更好，我们这样做是因为我们认为莎士比亚很重要 Throughout human history and antiquity, music has represented an integral quality of the human animal, a commonality in every culture of the world

16、including music for children. 在整个人类历史和古代，音乐代表了人类这一动物不可或缺的品质以及世界上每一种文化的共性包括儿童音乐。Unit 3 CulturePassage 1: Travel LanguageThe Academie Francaise has for decades been the watchdog over the French Language. 法兰西语言研究院几十年来一直是法语语言的监督者。 Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected.

17、 不幸的是（也许不是），英语不是那么受保护。One hopes that nobody took the advice literally. 人们希望没有人从字面上理解建议。I fear it cannot be answered with certainty whether these actually illustrate a progressive use of English or are simply reflections of local usages. 我担心不能肯定地回答这些是否真的说明了英语使用的进步，或者仅仅是当地用法的反映。Nevertheless, I prefer

18、seeing English develop as the lingua franca around the world rather than being suffocated for the sake of so-called purity by some ill-advised legislative process. 然而，我更喜欢看英语作为世界各地的通用语，而不是为了所谓的纯粹被一些不明智的立法程序所扼杀。Passage 2: From English to Chinglish: The Globalization of Language.It is estimated that 3

19、00 million Chinese read and write in English, but do not receive enough practice, thus fueling the often-ridiculed practice of Chinglish.据估计，中国有3亿人用英语读写，但没有得到足够的练习，因此加剧了经常被嘲笑的中式英语的使用。Just as the Romans saw the diffusion of their language over seized territory as a mark of dominance, the modern day e

20、quivalent is a languages label as a lingua franca. 正如罗马人将他们的语言在占领地域内的传播看作统治地位的标志，当今相当于将一种语言作为通用语言的标签。With the interaction of various languages that utilize different phonetics and syntax structures, it is not surprising that the adaptation of English to other languages will lead to many hybrid langu

21、ages that do not necessarily have“proper” English grammar and that emphasize different tones and intonations that are unique to the home languages. 通过与不同的语音和语法结构的各种语言的互动，英语改变成其他语言会产生很多不一定有“正确的”英语语法的混合语，这强调了本土语言所特有的不同的声调和语调，这是不足为奇的。The emergence of Chinglish, among other languages, and the efforts to

22、 rid the city of Chinese English are short term adjustments, but in the long run it would not be surprising to see the normalization of blended languages. 中式英语从其他语言的脱颖而出，和摆脱中式英语的努力是短期调整，但长期看来，看到混合语言的规范化不足为奇。Languages are unique to cultural and historical context, and preserving what is left of the w

23、orlds linguistic heritage and witnessing the emergence of new ones are both important in expanding the linguistic melting pot. 语言对文化和历史背景来说是独一无二的，保留剩下的世界语言遗产，见证新的语言的出现，都在扩大语言大熔炉的过程中至关重要。Unit 4: FilmPassage 1: The Not So Wonderful World of DisneyHowever, does Disney stand for pure and innocent entert

24、ainment, or does it carry alternative motives that seem to be well-hidden from the public eye?然而，迪士尼是代表纯粹的无辜的娱乐，还是它带有似乎隐藏在公众眼中的替代动机？ Critics mark the idea of negative social influences as one of Disneys most ubiquitous普遍存在的 problems. 批评者认为消极的社会影响是迪斯尼最普遍存在的问题之一The quantitative 数量的disproportion不相称 of

25、male characters in Disney animated films needs to be addressed处理 if we expect children to be able to relate to appropriate role models.如果我们期望孩子能够与适当的榜样建立联系，则需要解决迪斯尼动画电影中男女角色的数量不平衡的问题.The prevalence流行 of males in villainous邪恶的 roles should be analyzed for its potential negative impact on children and

26、 their relationships with caring male adults 应对男性在邪恶角色的普遍性对儿童和与他们相关的成年男性关系存在的潜在的负面影响进行分析.Critics have discovered loopholes漏洞 in the system that deserve proper examination. 只要迪士尼还存在，评论者在其系统中发现的漏洞就应该得到适当的检查。Passage 2: Think Like an Iconoclast: The Principles of Walt Disneys SuccessPart of this came fr

27、om his unique view of risk and return, which deed the short-term outlook of his investors. 其中一个原因是他对风险和回报的独特视角，而这个视角让他的投资者们无法看到短线效益Disneys persona combined nostalgia for small-town American values with faith in the potential of modern science and technology to transform our lives.迪斯尼的个性中同时混合了美国小城镇怀旧

28、的价值观和对现代科学技术能够改变我们生活的信心。The success of the lm helped Disney promote the discipline of building a high performance business culture that would contribute to his companys future triumphs. 这部电影的成功帮助迪士尼推动了建立高端企业文化的原则，对公司未来的成功起到了重要的作用。Only through the talent, labor and the dedication of this staff could

29、any Disney project get off the ground.” 只有通过人才，劳动力和工作人员的全力奉献，迪斯尼项目才能顺利开始。“He knew that for intuition to mean anything it had to be implemented, and that this demanded a combination of stringent analysis and sheer hard work, backed up by the practical talents of the artists with whom he surrounded hi

30、mself.”他知道要令直觉有意义，必须让它实现，这需要一系列严密的分析和绝对的努力，并且有他身边那些艺术家的真正的才华作为支撑。Unit 5: The InternetPassage 1: In Search of SerendipityThe history of scientific discovery is peppered with breakthroughs that came about by accident.科学发现的历史充满了各种偶然的突破。But a side-effect of this awesome efficiency may be a shrinking, ra

31、ther than an expansion, of our horizons, because we are less likely to come across things we are not in quest of. 但是这种惊人的效率的一个副作用就是我们的视界不但没有扩大，反而缩小了，因为我们和自己并没有在找的事物偶遇的机会变小了。Twitter is better at leading us to the interests of people beyond our social circle, but our tendency to associate with others

32、who think in similar wayswhat sociologists call our “value homophily”means most of us end up with a feed that feels like an extended dinner party. 推特微博可以更好地让我们接触到自己社交圈子以外的人的兴趣，但是我们还是有倾向于和自己想法相似的人相互结交的天性。社会学家称其为人类的“价值类聚”，这意味着我们中大多数获得的信息流就好像是一个延长的晚餐聚会一样。Driven by the needs of advertisers keen to hit e

33、ver more tightly delineated targets, todays internet plies us with “relevant” information and screens out the rest. 随着广告商需要对准描述越来越精确的个人，今天的互联网强制灌输大量“相关”信息，把所有其它信息都屏蔽掉了。To update the Rolling Stones, you can always get what you want. But you may not get what you need. 滚石乐队的一句歌词可能需要改一改，你可以一直拥有你想要的，但是你想

34、要的可能不是你需要的。 Passage 2: The internet Doesnt Hurt People- People Do:” The New Digital Age”The rise of 3-D printing in which designs are downloaded from the Internet and manufactured on a small scale could herald the emergence of a new generation of producers, who will bring an unprecedented variety to

35、 the products used in the developed world.3D打印机的兴起通过互联网下载设计模型，小规模的生产出产品预示着新一代生产者的出现，他们将为发达国家带来空前多样化的产品。In the future envisioned by Schmidt and Cohen, new technologies and information systems will streamline mundane, everyday tasks: Imagine a refrigerator that automatically orders groceries, or a was

36、hing machine that cleans, dries, and folds laundry, before “algorithmically recommending the optimal outfit based on the weather and day of the week.在未来Schmidt和Cohen设想的新技术和信息系统将简化平凡的日常任务：想象一下，冰箱可以自动调整放置物品的位置，或者洗衣机可以根据本周天气情况，通过“算法”推理，为主人推荐本周最佳着装，然后再完成清洗，甩干和折叠衣物的程序。On the global stage, the most signif

37、icant impact of the emergence of the Internet will be the reallocation of power from states and institutions to individuals.在全球范围来看，互联网的崛起的最重要的影响是权利的再分配，这种再分配体现在从国家和机构到个人层面。Unlike traditional media, in which reporters and editors place a premium on accuracy and context, Internet-based media allow an

38、yone with a connection to publish inaccurate information, libel, or outright propaganda on a massive scale frequently with few consequences to the author.互联网不同于传统媒体，传统媒体的记者和编辑将报道的准确性和背景放在首位，而上互联网则允许任何人在网上发布不实的消息，诽谤或宣传发布者通常无需承担任何后果。Because technology permeates all of these areas, the next generation

39、of experts, journalists, and policymakers will need to be well-versed in each, in order to understand how technology, the catalytic driver of change in todays world, is radically transforming industries, governments, and the age-old dynamic at the heart of political science: the relationship between

40、 the individual and the state.由于技术已经渗透到各个领域，所以新一代的专家，记者和政策制定者必须精通各个领域的知识，方能理解科技在当今世界可能发挥的真正作用：技术，作为当今世界发展的催化剂，正极大地改变着工业、政府和处于政治学核心的古老的动态关系，即个人与国家的关系。Unit 6: Dictionary Passage 1: Principles and Methods of Modern Dictionary-Making My dictionary never became very large and after a while I turned to ma

41、king a football scrapbook like most other children of my age, but for a few months I put some effort in attempt to outdo the Oxford English. 我的词典一直没办法变得很大，所以一段时间后我就跟我的同龄儿童一样转而编写足球剪贴簿。但有几个月，我努力想超过牛津英语词典。 When a word occurs in such phrases, they are either indicated in a dictionary entry or they have

42、entries to themselves. 当词出现在这样的短语中时，它们要么在词典的条目中标出，要么单独列为词条。I reworded them of course-even at the tender age of 12, I was intuitively aware of the danger of plagiarism-but I saw my role as one of collating the wisdom of previous lexicographers. 当然我进行了改写甚至是在12岁这么一个幼小的年龄，我从直觉上就意识到剽窃的危害。可是我只是起到了整理以前词典编纂

43、家智慧的作用。 Now that all these new descriptive facts, including word frequencies, common patterns of collocation etc., are at our disposal, it is self-evident that they should be recorded in the dictionary to reflect accurately the state of the contemporary language. 既然所以这些新的统计数据已经在手，包括词频、常见词语搭配形式等，将他们收

44、录在词典里准确地反映当代语言的状况也是理所当然的。 This means we are in better position than ever before to provide a description of English that reliably corresponds to the way that people speak and write the language. 这意味着我们现在处在比以往任何时候都更优越的地位，能够可靠地对英语进行描述，并与人们说或写这种语言的方式保持一致。Passage 2: Principles and Methods of Early Dicti

45、onary-Making-Based on the First Oxford English DictionaryThere were said to be something like two million of these slips already collected, tied together in rough order, no doubt covered in dust and lint, curled and yellow, and perhaps even crumbling themselves with age and decrepitude. 据说这些纸条研究收集了两

46、百万条，粗略分类后捆在一起，不要说已经布满了飞尘。有的纸条已经卷曲发黄，有的因年久而破碎。 Our problem was that readers had never bothered to consider with much enthusiasm what might be called the ordinary words of the language-they had succumbed to an understandable temptation to send in slips for interesting words, but not for the prosaic on

47、es. 问题之一是：志愿阅读者对于所谓“普通词语”的热情关注向来就不高；他们总是受到某种诱惑力的吸引，寄来一些令人感兴趣的词汇的引语，而不是日常词汇的引语。Take special note of passages which show or simple that a word is either new and tentative, or needing explanation as obsolete and archaic, and which thus help to fix the date of its introduction or disuse. 有些段落要特别注意：它能显示一

48、个词刚刚开始试用，或由于古老、过时而需要解释，这样的段落有助于确定那个词被引进或停止使用的时间。 One has to assume, if unkindly, that those living under the heel of firmly prescriptive linguistic authorities were a little unsure how prudent it might be to read for a book that would be so widely different in its constitution from those they were used to. 人们不禁会不太友善地猜测，这是由于坚持规定学语言学观点的权威学者的影响。在这些地方的人们也许囤于原来的习惯，对于为编写完全不同的词典进行文献阅读该如何审慎小心抱有一定的犹豫态度。 The sub-editors who did all these chec