初中英语语法知识详解.doc

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1、一般过去时与过去进行时的区分一一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。 、一般过去时 ）叙述过去状态、动作或事件 He went to Beijing the other day.（带具体时间） ）表示过去的习惯a) would ,used to与过去时 would 表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间 used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words. He smoked a lot two years ago. （过去行为） b) Would 用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。

2、Used to 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。When he was a boy , he would often go there . （叙述过去） She isnt what she used to be. (今昔对比)c) 表示状态时一般只用used to Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)d) was (were) used to +ving表示“合适于，适应于.” He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常) He was used to working

3、 at night. (习惯表适应) ）表示过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。 He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生) ）表示客气委婉的语气，用于情态动词，助动词和want , wonder , hope 等 How did you like the film? / Could you help me?B. 过去进行时 表示在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生 What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生) 短暂性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算 During that time h

4、e was going with us.(表示打算) 与always ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。 He was always Changing his mind. 二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。 I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段) I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”) B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用 It was raining all night.(优先用was rainin

5、g ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用) He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时) C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。 例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。 I was cooking the dinner while he was playi

6、ng the piano.(平行) I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.I saw him while I was walking to the station. 三、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时（不用现在进行时和过去进行时） 1)表心理状态、情感的动词，如love ,hate ,like ,care ,respect ,please ,prefer ,know 等，若用进行时则词意改变。 Im forgetting it . (=beginning to forget ) 2)表存在、状态的动词，如appear ,exist ,lie

7、 ,remain ,stand ,seem等 3)表感觉的动词，如see ,hear ,feel ,smell ,sound ,taste等. 4)表一时性的动词，如accept ,allow ,admit ,decide ,end ,refuse ,permit ,promise等。示例 考题1 As she _the newspaper ,Granny _ asleep .(95) A. read /was falling B .was reading /fellC. Was reading /was falling D. read/fell 分析 时间从句的动作长，而“入睡”动作短，故前

8、者用过去进行时，而较短动词用一般过去时，选B 考题2 Tom _ into the house when no one _ . A. slipped/was looking B. Had slipped /looked C. slipped/had looked D. was slipping /looked分析 此题先要理解好when ，表“此时”，说明主句中slipped是较短行为，而look是较长行为的片断，即汤姆溜进房子，此时没人瞧见，故选A为正确。 训练 1. Is Smith in America ? -Yes, he _ in China for there years. A.

9、lives B. Has lived C. Lived D. was living 2. The method he had stuck -_ right . A. to prove B. To proved C. To be proved D. were proved 3. Why didnt Miss Green go there ? -She would have gone there expect _ enough time. A. she had B. She had had C. She didnt have D. she would have 4. Am didnt see me

10、 wave to her , she _ in other direction. A. looked B. Was looking C. Has looked D. is looking 5. Tom burnt his hand when he _ the dinner. A. cooked B. Was cooking C. Has been cooking D. had cooked 6. Mary _ a dress when she cut he rfinger. A. made B. Is making C. Was making D. had made 宾语从句要点盘点一、宾语从

11、句的语序必须是陈述语序。如： Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗?二、宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应。 主句是现在或将来时态时，从句可用任何所需要的时态。主句是过去时态时，从句要用表示过去的相应的时态。但如果从句中有明确表示过去的时间状语，则从句应用一般过去时，不用过去完成时；如从句表达的是客观规律或真理时，用一般现在时。如： He said he had finished his studies when the war broke out.他说战争爆发时，他已经完成了学业。He said he would s

12、pend his holiday in Dalian.他说他将在大连度假。 She said that the earth moves around the sun.她说地球围绕太阳转。三、如宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句后置。其句型为：“主语+谓语+it+补足语+宾语从句”。如：We think it important that we should master at least one foreign language.我们认为掌握至少一门外语是重要的。注意：(1)连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except,but和in等少数几个介词后

13、。其它一些介词的宾语从句如由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless.他是个好学生，只不过有点粗心。 See to it that children dont catch cold.当心孩子别感冒了。(2)that引导表语从句时，在句中无词义，只起连接作用，但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主张我们立即去那儿。四、连词whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，不可省。if引导宾语从句。(1)宾语从句是肯定句时，

14、whether,if可互换；但whether常和or not连用，宾语从句是否定句时，一般用if引导。如： I dont know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否应告诉你。 I wonder whether it is true or not.不知这是不是真的。 I dont care if it doesnt rain.天下不下雨我不会在乎。(2)作介词宾语时，只能用whether,不能用if。如： Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经验。五、tha

15、t引导宾语从句时不可省的几种情况：1.that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。 I promised that if anyone could set me free,I would make him king over the earth.我曾许诺如果有人把我放了，我就让他成为全世界的国王。2.当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。 Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then.亚伯拉罕林肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。3.主句的谓语动

16、词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。 When he got to England,he found,however,that his English was too limited.然而当他到英国时，他发现他的英语很有限。4.当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world,and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。5.宾语从

17、句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。 I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。6.宾语从句的主语是this/that，或用this/that修饰主语时。 He said that that was a good idea.他说那是个好主意。7.在直接引语中，主句和宾语从句被隔开时。 “Im sorry to tell you,”he said,“that you didnt watch carefully enough what I did.” 我很遗憾的告诉大家，你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。8.宾

18、语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。 The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。 名词(1)不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆：manmen,womanwomen,childchildren,footfeet,toothteeth (2)单数、复数同形的名词：fish,sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese(3)常用复数形的名词：trousers,shoes,glasses(4)只有复数形的名词：t

19、hanks,clothes(5)单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词：people,police(6)有生命的名词所有格形式：单数名词加s，复数名词加s，不是以s结尾的复数名词加s，如：childrensroom(7)无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达：如：thecapitalofChina(8)表示并列名词各自所有，在各名词词尾加s：如：TomsandMarysbikes(两人各自的自行车)(9)表示并列名词共同所有，则在后一个名词的词尾加s：如：TomandMarysmother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)(10)关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格：如：tenminuteswalk,tenm

20、ilesjourney，aboatslength，twopoundsweight,tendollarsworth(11)双重所有格：afriendofmyfathers形容词与副词(1)原级，比较级，最高级词形变化：单元音单辅音的单音节词fatfatterfattestthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottestbigbiggerbiggest以结尾的双音节词easyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestprettyprettierprettiest劣级比较形容词副词原级例：SheislessbeautifulthanMary.两者之间用比

21、较级，在比较级前加定冠词，三者以上用最高级例：Heisthetallerofthetwo.Sheisthebestplayerofthethree.越越的表达法例：Thedaysaregettinghotterandhotter.Themoreyoustudy,themoreyoulearn.修饰比较级的词有：much,byfar,even,alittle,agreatdeal例：Sheismuchbetternow.切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。连词(1)动词与*近的主语一致：这样的连词有：or,eitheror,neithernor，notonlybutalso。(2)的用法：作或者讲例：

22、Youoryourfriendhastogototheteachersoffice.作否则讲例：Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool.(3)与：例：Hehasnomoneyandheispoor.Heispoorbutheishonest.介词(1)表示时间：at:表示某一时间点如：atnoonon:表示特定的日子如：onChristmasin:表示一段不具体的时间如：inthemorning，intheSecondworldwar如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如：onacoldmorning,onahotafternoon,onSundaymorningdu

23、ring:表示期间内的某个时期如:duringthenight,duringtheSecondWorldWarfor:其后接表示一段时间长度的词如：forthreedaysthrough:表示在整个期间没有间歇例：Itsnowedthroughthenight.till/until:表示动作持续的终点例：Istudiedhardtilltwelveoclocklastnight.by:表示动作完成期限例：Illbebackbyfiveoclock.since:表示某动作的起始点例：IhavestudiedEnglishsince(2)表示地点：at:表示较小的地点如：arrivedatthes

24、choolgatein:表示较大的地点如：arrivedinShanghaifor:表示目的地例：IllleaveforShanghai.above:表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover:表示垂直上方，其反意词是under例：Thedogjumpedoverthetable.through:表示穿过如：throughtheforestacross:表示平原上的跨越例：Iwanttowalkacrosstheroad.动词(1)动词的时态：一般现在时一般现在时的主要用法有两点：其一表示一经常发生的动作，如：Ialwaysgotoschoolatseven.其二表示某一真理，事实，如：Th

25、eearthmovesaroundthesun.现在完成时现在完成时的主要用法有两点：其一表示某一动作发生于过去，并持续下来，到现在完成。如：IhavestudiedEnglishfortwoyears.其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束，但其影响到现在。如：Ihaventhadmylunch.Imhungrynow.与现在完成时连用的词语有：yet,already,before,since,ever,never等。其考查要点：其一：Havebeen表示曾经去过，如：IhavebeentoAmericatwice.说此话的人应已经回到国内。而HehasgonetoJapan.则此人目前已到日本去

26、了。其二：截止性动词可以有现在完成时，但不可与表示一段长度的词连用，如：Theclasshasbegun.Theclasshasbeenonforfiveminutes.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。如：Whobrokethewindow?Inthosedays,Istudiedhardatnighteveryday.与过去时连用的时间状语有：atthattime,ago,in，justnow(刚才)，lastnight,yesterday一般将来时纯将来时的表示法：shall/will动词原形例：IllleaveforShanghaithisevening.表示按

27、计划要做或可能做的事：begoingto动词原形例：Imgoingtohelpyoutonight.将来时的特殊表示法.be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving例：Dontworry.Imcoming.beaboutto动词原形例：Heisabouttoleave,whenthetelephonerings.状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例：IfitrainstomorrowIwontgototheparty.(2)情态动词：能，会例：Hecandoitverywell.：许可，可能性例：MayIuseyourpen?：必要，禁止(多表示主观看法)例：

28、Youmustntplaywithfire.：不得不(多表示客观之事)例：Ihavetogo,becauseIhaveameeting.与：二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉例：Couldyouhelpme?句型(1)宾语从句：由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句例：Couldyoutellmewherethepostofficeis?Couldyoutellmewhathesaid?(what作said的宾语)由that引出的宾语从句例：Theysaidthattheywouldgivemesomehelp.(that仅作引导词)宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。例：Heaskedwhenwewouldl

29、eavehome.(2)状语从句：状语从句可包括：时间地点原因结果目的等状语从句。例：IwillcomewhenIamfree.Imlatebecausemybikeisbroken.Hewentsoearlythathegotagoodseat.Shestudiedhardsothatshewouldpasstheexam.状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。例：IfitrainstomorrowIshallnotgotothecinema.表示在一长动作进行过程中某一动作突然发生则长动作要用进行时态，而突发性动作要用一般时态。例：WhenImreadingabook，thetelephoner

30、ings.(3)反意疑问句例：Shecanswimacrosstheriver,cantshe?Itsafineday，isntit?Marryneedstohavearest,doesntshe?Youhavenothingtodo,doyou?Heseldomdoeshomework，doeshe?Dontopenthedoor，willyou?Openthedoorplease，willyou?Letushavearest，willyou?Letsgo,shallwe?(4)感叹句：例Whatahotdayitis！Howhottheweatheris！不定式(1)不定式在句中作宾语，状语：例：Ithasbeguntorain.Iwanttogotothecinema.(2)不定式与疑问词连用：例：Iwanttoknowhowtowork.Iwanttoknowwhattodo.(3)不定式的否定句：例：Hetoldmenottodoit.省略to的不定式：例：Isawhimcomethismorning.这样的动词有see,hear,watch等感官动词，及have(作让、使讲)make,let.