大学英语写作讲义.docx

《大学英语写作讲义.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学英语写作讲义.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2010级快班大学英语写作讲义第一部分 简介写作是大学英语考试的第一项考查内容，时间为30分钟，分值为总分的15，要求学生写一篇至少150个单词的短文。作文命题基本上为带提示句的命题作文，即给出标题，同时对作文的三段正文分别给予内容提示。文体多样，有议论文、说明文、应用文、记叙文等，向读者阐述观点，表达见解，或者分析原因，记录事实等。至于命题范围，03年以前，一些社会热点话题是写作的考查重点，比如绿化，交通，住房等，而03年以后，逐渐加大了对学校生活类题目的考察，比如校园浪费，学生会主席竞选，名校校园旅游，选修课等。因为这类题材不存在地域的差异，不同地域的学生都有话可说。第二部分 四级写作的评

2、分原则和评分标准1 评分原则首先，CET-6作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Rewarding Scores），而不是按照语言点的错误数目扣分。其次，从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。2 评分标准写作满分为15分，分5个等级：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。各分段具体评分标准如下：2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误

3、，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（注：白卷、作文与题目毫不相关、或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。字数不足也应酌情扣分）第三部分 题型介绍四级作文从体裁上可分为议论文、记叙文和多种应用文体。而从近年的出题趋势看，各种体裁开始融合，一篇文章可能既要叙述又要议论，也可能兼顾说明和议论。下面我们分六种题型分别介绍。一

4、对比型这类题型通常要求考生比较两种观点或两种做法和现象，进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点，是议论为主的作文。 模版一There is no consensus among the people as to the view of _ (主题). Some people hold the idea that _ (观点A). A case in point is that _ (支持观点A的例子).On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them, _ (观点B). The most ty

5、pical example is that _ (支持观点B的例子).Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extent, but the latter is more convincing.范文1Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? When it comes to the t

6、est of spoken English, peoples opinions differ. Many people believe that it is necessary to adopt such a test. For one thing, fluent speaking ability is badly needed in todays society. For another, in a more competitive society, fluent spoken English usually becomes that ounce more advantage you hav

7、e to beat your rival when youre competing for a position having much appeal to both of you.Some people, however, take a different attitude. They regard the test as being unnecessary. In their view, fluent spoken English does not necessarily mean a better job; sometimes, opportunity plays a more impo

8、rtant role. Furthermore, many people do not use English at all in their work.As far as Im concerned, I am really in favor of the test. On the one hand, it can encourage college students to try every means to improve their spoken English. On the other hand, college students will benefit endlessly in

9、their future career if they can speak fluent English. So I decide to make use of every opportunity to practice my spoken English, and surely it will do me much good. 模版二_ (主题) is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to_ _when

10、they are asked _ (观点A) because _ (支持观点A的原因). The most typical example is that _ (支持观点A的例子).However, others argue that _ (观点B). They point out that _ (重申观点B) for the reason that _ (支持观点B的原因).As far as I am concerned, I will choose to _ (你的观点) because this choice fits my personality and my life-long b

11、elief. 二 记叙型记叙文是大家比较熟悉的一种文章体裁，但看似容易的记叙文要写好却并不易，尤其是很多人常常会写成乏味冗长的流水账。因此，掌握记叙文基本结构和各种发展方式就尤为重要。几种常见的记叙文开头段的表达方法1）点明事件发生的背景：While I was on my way to the Capital Stadium on Jan. 10th, 2003, an accident took place abruptly and I witnessed the whole process. The whole thing impressed me so deeply that even

12、 to now, I can still remember every detail of it.2）交代写作的理由Although it happened three years ago, I can still remember what had happened on that day exactly. I think I should never forget what the man had told me and I think nothing could express how much gratitude I had to him. Today I am writing thi

13、s essay to show my appreciation to the generous love from strangers.3） 开门见山，紧扣题目Today is Mothers Day, though it is a transplanted foreign holiday, I do think we Chinese can take the advantage of this opportunity to show their gratitude to their mothers. As to me, I think I should be especially thank

14、ful for my mother, for her love to me and for her strictness to me as well.4）描写环境，烘托气氛Spring came with all its glories. The new grass exposed its green colour. The pretty flowers in the open air opened their blossoms. We were tempted to go for an outing. 5）概括回忆往事I will always bear that unforgettable

15、 New Years Eve in my mind which I spent last year with my grandparents. As they live in a remote mountainous village, they are having a quite different life from ours. 三 应用文应用文是大学英语四级写作考试的一个重要组成部分，形式包括书信、启事、通知、演讲等。应用文较之一般说明文和议论文，与生活、社会联系更紧密，格式、行文习惯更有规矩。无论使用哪种应用文，都必须按其各自规范化的约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意杜撰。以往四级写作考过的

16、应用文有投诉信、建议信、问候信、导游介绍、竞选学生会主席演讲稿和招募志愿者启事等。尤其是信函，近年来出现的频率比较高。英文书信要求语言通俗明了，内容真实准确。书信类型可能千变万化，如建议信，批评信，投诉信，申请函，邀请信，感谢信，道歉信，求职信等。每种信函都有其常用句型。1） 书信四级书信常用格式 四级常用到的格式有两种,缩进式和齐头式, 出题者实际上已规定了考生使用的格式,因为考题往往在direction之后，已给出写信日期，称呼及落款， 这三部分的格式如果是齐头式考生就用齐头式，若是缩进式就用缩进式。具体格式见图示：齐头式Your NameAddressPhone NumberE-mail

17、（四级考试往往不用给出这部分）Date（四级考试往往已给出这部分）Name of ReceiverTitleCompany NameAddress（四级考试往往不用给出这部分）Dear _:（四级考试往往已给出这部分）（需要考生写出的正文部分）Yours,（或Sincerely）Your Name 缩进式 DateName of ReceiverTitleCompany NameAddress （四级考试往往不用给出这部分）Dear _:（四级考试往往已给出这部分） （正文）Sincerely, Your Name（四级考试往往已给出） 四 图表作文图表作文也是四级写作中的另一种形式。它是利用

18、图表如graph, diagram, chart, table, picture等中的统计数据来阐述论题的文章。图表的类型主要有下列几种：简称“三图一表”即柱状图（Bar Graph）、线形图(Line Graph)、饼状图(Pie Graph)和表格(Table)，下边给出了三种图样。 图表作文的题型特点：以图表作为信息来源的写作模式，即根据图标上的数字，找出所反映的社会现象，并从中看出主要问题和发展趋势；通常的写作逻辑结构为：Paragraph I:（1）描述图表：趋势描写；（2）描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。Paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点；（2）细节性分论点（支持

19、自己观点）。Paragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；（2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点。 图表作文要求考生用文字材料把图表中所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。在写作图表作文时，首先要仔细观察并分析图表，以及题中所给出的有关信息，比如，作文题，英文提纲、英文提示、英语关键词等。在分析图表时，要抓住与主题有关的信息，要发现数据呈现的规律，要充分利用图表中的图形、数据等去说明主题。但是注意不要过多地引用数据，以免造成滥用数据的后果。既然是图表作文，那么第一段的对图表的描述就对作文的得分有最大的影响。考生应该在第一段描述图表的过程中，尽量在词汇和句型的运用上使自己的作文卓尔不群。在选用

20、描述图表变化的动词、名词，介词词组，形容词和程度副词方面要注意是否准确到位和形象。下面一些词汇大家重点揣摩：*the demand for sth. spiralled upward / climbed drastically / soar / surge / experience an explosive growth / an acceleration / swell / manage a modest ( marginal ) gain / on the rise / on the ascendance / wane / shrink / slump / fall off / drop

21、off / take a dip / take a nose dive / trend (tide )*sth. continued its upward / downward trend. / reach the plateau / the bottleneck *sth. level off / sth. remains steady / stable / unchanged / constant / stay the same *There was a slight drop( fall ) between 2000 / and 2005 / hugely / sharply / dra

22、matically / drastically / substantially / steeply / incredibly / massively / surprisingly / alarmingly / distressingly / slightly / steadily / gradually / marginally / moderately / gently / reach a ( the ) peak / the highest point 另外，在写作图表作文时可以套用一些常用词汇或表达方式，这将有助于你写出较为地道的图表作文。As can be seen from the

23、table (graph, form) thatFrom the above table it can be seen (concluded) thatA careful study of the table shows thatThe number (percentage) is 3 times as much as that in 2000.It has decreased (fell, dropped) about twice, compared with (as compared with, as against)that of 2000.In 2001, it increased (

24、went up, rose) from 5 to 15 percent of the total (to 15 percent, by 15percent).另外，大家仔细研究下面提供的五种描述图表的句型，在考试的时候如果考到图表作文要会灵活使用。*1。This bar chart describes significant changes in the ownership of houses in a big city in China. It can be seen from the chart that a very noticeable trend from 1990 to 2000

25、was the dramatic increase in the private ownership of houses as opposed to the huge drop in the state ownership of houses. In 1990, three out of four houses were state-owned. However, by 2000, the percentage of the ownership of private houses has soared to 80%. *2。The above chart reveals that the hu

26、ge expansion in the private house ownership has been accompanied by a corresponding fall in the state ownership of houses in a span of a decade (1990-2000). *3。 As is suggested ( unfolded / demonstrated / illustrated / mirrored ) in the above chart, with the sharp rise in the private ownership of ho

27、uses, the state ownership of houses has dramatically ( substantially / alarmingly ) dropped in a passage of a decade. (1990-2000) *4。According to the above chart, there has been a drastic growth in the private ownership of houses, while the state ownership of houses has shrunk steeply over the past

28、decade. ( 1990-2000)*5。From the above chart, we can see distinctly that the private ownership of houses has witnessed an huge rise as distinct from ( as opposed to / in contrast to / in comparison with ) the drastic decrease in the state ownership of houses in a matter of a decade. (1990-2000)图表作文基本

29、模式 *(a) 段落一：According to the figures given in the diagram/picture/pie chart, we can see that _ is increasing in the past _, while _ is decreasing. (从整体上对事物发展的趋势作概括) 段落二：Possible reasons for this are as follows. (问题产生的原因) To begin with, _. (原因一) In addition, _. (原因二) Furthermore, _. (原因三) 段落三： From w

30、hat has been analyzed, we can draw a conclusion that _. (得出结论) As a matter of fact, with the improvements in _, the trend will go on in the future. (提出改进的方法或措施) Therefore, _. (最后再强调观点) *(b) 段落一：The chart gives us an overall picture of the _(图表主题). The first thing we notice is that_(图表最大特点). This mea

31、ns that as _, _(进一步说明). 段落二：We can see from the statistics given that _(图表细节一). After ving_(细节一中的第一个变化), the _ Ved+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化).The figures also tells us that_(图表细节二). (数据位置，如In the second column), we can see that _accounts for _(进一步描述). 段落三：Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion th

32、at_(结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that_(给出原因). / It is high time that (发出倡议) 第四部分 常用句型句式一过渡词语的应用英语写作中，要做到行文连贯自然，很少有不用过渡词语的。过渡词是指在文章中说明上下或前后句间关系的词或词组，是连接句与句，段与段落关系的纽带，是使文章连贯的主要工具。在写作过程中恰当地使用过渡词，可以保证段落结构清晰，逻辑合理,自然流畅。在熟练掌握过渡词的正确用法以后，可以灵活应用各种各样的句型，甚至发挥更为适用的句型。而实际情况是，由于受汉语影响，很多学生只

33、注重意义的连贯而忽视形式上的接应，结果造成英语句子连绵不断，病句很多且逻辑关系不明确。因此，写作文时应有意识地运用包括连词在内的过渡词语。现将常见过渡词句总结如下：根据衔接词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类。（一）有关用于开篇引出扩展句的词、词组。at first 最初 for one thing.(for another)at present 现在，当今 首先.(其次)currently 目前，最近 recently 最近first（ly）第一 in general 一般说来at the beginning 起初on the one hand.（on the other hand）t

34、o begin with 首先，第一 一方面.（另一方面）first of all 首先，第一generally speaking 一般地说in the first place 首先，第一on the whole总起来说lately最近 It goes without saying that不用说to start with 首先，第一 presently 现在；此刻now 现在（二）有关用来承接上文的词、词组。after/after that/ afterwards 此后consequently 因此；结果after a few days 几天以后for example例如after a wh

35、ile 过了一会儿 for instance 例如also/too 并且；又for this purpose 为了这个目的at any rate 无论如何 from now on 从此at the same time 同时furthermore 而且；此外besides 此外in addition 此外by this time 此时in addition to.除.之外certainly 无疑地；当然地in fact 事实上in other words 换句话说 similarly 同样地in particular 特别（地） so 所以in the same way 同样地 soon 不久i

36、ncidentally 顺便提一句 still 仍然indeed的确 then 然后 meanwhile 与此同时third(ly) 第三；第三点moreover而且，此外no doubt 无疑地for another 其次to start with 首先；第一such as 正如obviously 明显地later 后来of course当然truly 事实上；真实地particularly 特别地 second(ly) 第二；第二点whats more 而且；此外（三）、有关用来表示不同或相反的意见的词、词组。after all 毕竟fortunately 幸运地all the same

37、虽然；但是 however 然而；无论如何anyway 无论如何in spite of 尽管.；虽然.at the same time 可是luckily 幸运地but 但是nevertheless 不过；虽然如此unlike不像;和.不同though/although 尽管conversely 相反地 no doubt 无疑地in/ by contrast 对比之下 even though 即使on the contrary 相反地nonetheless 尽管如此otherwise 否则still 仍然 unfortunately 不幸地in fact 事实上 as a matter of

38、fact 事实上whereas .然而.despite 尽管.虽然.yet 仍；然而；但是especially 特别地（四）、有关用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容的词、词组。above all 最重要as a result 结果accordingly 于是as has been noted 如前所述as a consequence 因此as I have said如我所述at last 最后 therefore 因此at length 最近；终于thus 因此by and large 一般说来to speak frankly 坦白地说briefly 简单扼要地 to sum up 总而言之by

39、doing so 如此to summarize 简言之consequently 因此for this reason 所以eventually 最后 surely 无疑finally 最后to conclude 总而言之hence 因此 no doubt 毫无疑问in brief 简言之 undoubtedly 无疑in conclusion 总之，最后truly 的确in short 简言之so 所以in a word 总之 obviously显然in sum 总之，简言之certainly 当然地；无疑地in summary 简要地说all in all 总之on the whole 总体来

40、说；整个看来二、应用文常用句型（一）感谢信1I am gratefulobliged to you for我非常感谢你的2I am greatly indebted to you for what you have done 我为你所做的一切表示感激。3I am thankfulobliged to you for your unselfish assistance during 感谢你在期间给予我无私的帮助。4I deeply appreciate your courtesy and we hope to have the opportunity of rewarding your kind

41、ness我非常感谢你的好意，并希望有机会回报你。5I take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation of your kind help you rendered me我借此机会对你所给予我的帮助表示深深的感谢。6. It was kind and generous of you to do this for me，and l appreciate it more than l can say你为我这样做真是太好了，我感激不尽。7My appreciate to you for your generous help is beyond

42、 my wordsI wish I could repay it some day我无法用言语来表达对你的感激之情。但愿有朝一日能回报你的帮助。8Please accept my most cordial thanks for your timely help，which l will never forget请接受我诚挚的谢意，感谢你及时的帮助，我将难以忘怀。9Words fail me when I want to express my gratitude to you感激之情难以言表。10Again，I would like to express our warm thanks to y

43、ou再次向你表示感谢。（二） 道歉信与解释信1I must apologize to you for. 我必须为向你道歉。2I am terribly/awfully sorry that. 我感到很抱歉，因为3It is thoughtless/inconsiderate of me to do. 我做，实在太欠考虑了。4I am afraid what I have done has caused many inconveniences to you. 恐怕我给您添了许多麻烦。5I sincerely hope that you can understand that I offended you unintentionally. 我真心希望您能理解我并非有意冒犯你的。6I regret to inform you that I am unable to do. 我很遗憾地告知您我不能7I must make a sincere and humble apology to you for. 我必须为真诚