托福TPO阅读34文本及答案解析.docx

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1、托福TPO阅读34文本+答案解析Islamic Art and the BookThe arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: pape

2、r became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and

3、 the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type

4、of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also

5、copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers Mosque, after the adjacent mark

6、et. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisone

7、rs captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets slowly spread westward. Wi

8、thin fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt and eventually to Sicily

9、and Spain but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.The intro

10、duction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could

11、 be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets as much as a meter across were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on wh

12、ich to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the

13、 easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the form

14、al angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then det

15、ermined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.Para.1 The arts of the Islamic book

16、, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing

17、, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters,

18、enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of

19、books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustration

20、s. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made

21、at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.1. Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:A) Books were an important form of artistic expression.B) A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.C) They wer

22、e sold primarily near mosques.D) Most books were intended for sale on the open market.2. The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) visitedB) ownedC) praisedD) supported3. The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) majorB) nearbyC) ancientD) well-known4. Accord

23、ing to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic worldA) included a wide range of subjectsB) did not contain any calligraphy or decorationC) used rounded scriptsD) were usually written on parchment5. In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco,

24、 is known as the Booksellers MosqueA) To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common peopleB) To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular princeC) To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets wereD) To demonstrate

25、the need for religious texts in Islamic landsPara.2 Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and t

26、he technique of papermaking in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink o

27、n paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt and eventually to Sicily and Spain but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of th

28、e Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.6. The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) taken out ofB) produced u

29、singC) discovered inD) combined with7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques

30、 spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spa

31、in, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain.Para.3 The introduction of p

32、aper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed

33、 within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets as much as a meter across were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work.

34、 Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transf

35、er of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.8. In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?A) It was har

36、der to erase or change what was written on paper.B) More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.C) Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights and thicknesses.D) More people could buy books made of paper because it was cheaper.9. Why does the author include the following informati

37、on: “At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets as much as a meter across were available.”?A) To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slowB) To explain why paper

38、was never as cheap as it has become todayC) To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complexD) To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets10. According to parag

39、raph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representationA) encourage more people to make their own drawingsB) made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easierC) made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to readD) allowe

40、d artists to create paintings that were smaller in scalePara.4 Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and viz

41、ier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, com

42、posed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.11. According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around the year 900?A) He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens into rounded scripts approp

43、riate for correspondence.B) He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional to the size of the first letter of the alphabet.C) He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the use of rounded letters in religious texts.D) He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles

44、instead of more angular scripts in their documents.12. The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) made up ofB) developed fromC) in addition toD) similar to13. Look at the four squares 【】 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This change occu

45、rred for good reason.Where does the sentence best fit?Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and

46、 the technique of papermaking in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink

47、 on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt and eventually to Sicily and Spain but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of

48、the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.14. Prose SummaryIslamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and imp

49、ortant innovations.Answer Choices:A) Books became major vehicle of artistic expression for calligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded to include more and more kinds of works.B) The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market for them was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could aff