毕业论文外文翻译-框架结构简介.doc

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1、 2015年4月29日外文资料翻译译文 框架结构简介 随着社会的发展,钢筋混凝土框架结构的建筑物越来越普遍.由于钢筋混凝土结构与砌体结构相比较具有承载力大、结构自重轻、抗震性能好、建造的工业化程度高等优点，与钢结构相比又具有造价低、材料来源广泛、耐火性好、结构刚度大、使用维修费用低等优点。因此在我国钢筋混凝土结构是多层框架最常用的结构型式。近年来世界各地的钢筋混凝土多层框架结构的发展很快应用很多。 一般框架结构是由楼板、梁、柱及基础4种承重构件组成的。由主梁、柱与基础构成平面框架，各平面框架再由连续梁连接起来而形成的空间结构体系。在合理的高度和层数的情况下，框架结构能够提供较大的建筑空间，其平

2、面布置比较的灵活，可适合多种工艺与使用功能的要求。 多层钢筋混凝土框架结构设计可以分为四个阶段：一是方案设计；二是结构分析；三是构件设计；四是绘施工图。结构分析和构件设计是结构设计中的计算阶段。在现代，已由电子计算机承担这一工作，常采用PKPM建模计算。但是，结构的计算并不能代替结构的设计。混凝土结构与砌体结构设计中认为：良好的结构设计的重要前提，应该是合理组织与综合解决结构的传力系统、传力方式良好的结构方案是良好结构设计的重要前提。 框架结构体系是由横梁与柱子连接而成。梁柱连接处(称为节点)一般为刚性连接，有时为便于施工和其他构造要求，也可以将部分节点做成铰接或者半铰接。柱支座一般为固定支座

3、，必要时也可以设计成铰支座。框架结构可以分为现浇整体式，装配式,现浇装配式。 框架结构的布置灵活，容易满足建筑功能和生工艺的多种要求。同时，经过合理设计，框架结构可以具有较好的延性和抗震性能.。但是，框架结构承受水平力(如风荷载和水平地震作用)的能力较小，当层树较多或水平力较大时，水平位移较大,在强烈地震作用下往往由于变形过大而引起非结构构件(如填充墙)的破坏。因此，为了满足承载力和侧向刚度的要求，柱子的截面往往较大,既耗费建筑材料，又减少使用面积，这就使框架结构的建筑高度受到一定的限制。目前，框架结构一般用于多层建筑和不考虑抗震设防，层数较少的的高层建筑。 多层框架结构的平面布置形式非常的灵

4、活，钢筋混凝土框架结构设计问题初探中将框架结构按照承重方式的不同分为以下三类： (1)横向框架承重方案，以框架横梁作为楼盖的主梁，楼面荷载主要由横向框架承担。由于横向框架数往往较少，主梁沿横向布置有利于增强房屋的横向刚度，同时，主梁沿横向布置还有利于建筑物的通风和采光。但由于主梁截面尺寸较大,当房屋需要大空间时，净空较小，且不利于布置纵向管道。 (2)纵向框架承重方案，以框架纵梁作为楼盖的主梁，楼面荷载由框架纵梁承担。由于横梁截面尺寸较小，有利于设备管线的穿行，可获得较高的室内净空。但房屋横向刚度较差，同时进深尺度受到预制板长度的限制。 (3)纵横向框架混合承重方案，纵横向框架混合承重方案是沿

5、纵横两个方向上均布置有框架梁作为楼盖的主梁，楼面荷载由纵，横向框架梁共同承担。它具有较好的整体工作性能。 对于周边与梁整浇的双向板，由于在两个方向受到支撑构件的变形约束，整块板内存在穹顶作用，使板内的弯矩大大减小。钢筋混凝土框架柱纵向裂缝的分析和处理中提到为了利用这一有利的因素，规范允许对四边与梁整结板，起弯矩的设计值根据一定的条件进行折减。双向板的厚度不宜小于80mm。由于挠度不另作验算，双向板的板厚与短跨跨长的比值应满足：简支板1/45 连续板1/50。双向板按照弹性理论方法设计时，所求得的跨中正弯矩钢筋数量是指板的中央处的数量，靠近板的两边其数量可以逐渐减小。考虑到施工方面将板的两个边方

6、向上各分为3个板带。两个方向的边缘板带宽度军为均为短边长度的1/4其余则为中间板带。在中间板带上，按跨中最大正弯矩求得的单位板宽内的钢筋数量均匀布置，而在边缘板带上，按中间板带单位板宽内的钢筋数量一半均匀布置。 框架梁配筋的人工调整，其目的是解决梁的裂缝宽度超限和“强剪弱弯”问题。钢筋混凝土框架柱纵向裂缝的分析和处理中提到当裂缝宽度超限时，首先应考虑将大直径的钢筋改用小直径的钢筋验算，如裂缝宽度仍然超限，就应增大梁的配筋和混凝土的强度等级或加大梁的截面尺寸，调整至满足规范的要求。为了保证“强剪弱弯”可进行以下几项调整：一是适当增大梁端截面；二是适当增大梁端箍筋直径，加密箍筋间距；三是梁端负弯矩

7、钢筋不放大，梁跨中受拉钢筋适当放大1倍；四是按构造要求对跨度7m的框架梁增加弯起钢筋。 在地震力作用下，框架柱尤其是角柱和大开间、大进深的边柱，一般均处于双向偏心受压状态，而电算程序是按两个方向分别为单向偏心受压的平面框架计算配筋。因此，关于钢筋混凝土框架结构设计的几个问题探讨中认为框架柱配筋应进行如下调整：一是选择最不利的方向进行框架计算，也可对两个方向均进行计算后取较大值方向的配筋并采用对称配筋；二是控制柱单边方向钢筋的最少根数。四是选择井字形或菱形的框架柱箍筋形式，以增强箍筋对混凝土的约束；五是由于多层框架电算一般不考虑温度应力和基础不均匀沉降问题，当多层框架水平尺寸较大以及地基为软弱土

8、层或地基土层不均匀时，可适当再稍放大框架柱的配筋。 由于框架结构具有空间大、平面布局灵活多样的特点，满足了人们不断追求使用个性化的要求。随着社会的不断发展和人们物质生活水平的提高，框架结构(住宅、公共建筑)将会得到较大发展。设计多层框架结构，设计人应首先判断结构方案的可行性，对可能碰到的问题，提前采取措施予以解决，并对所有计算结果认真分析、判断准确无误后方可应用于实际工程。外文资料原文Development of network structureHybrid structure, usually a combination of a flexible member and the rigid

9、 member, large-span spatial structure is currently the fastest growing type of structure. Large-span buildings and spatial structure as its core technology development is one of the representatives of a national science and technology an important indicator of the level of the building. In this pape

10、r, spatial grid structure and tensile structures introduced two categories of domestic and foreign (but mostly foreign) development status and prospects of the spatial structure. Several important theories in this field, including the spatial structure of the morphological analysis of the theory, th

11、e effect of wind power genera cover Span flexible, stability and seismic performance network shell structure and other issues put forward their views. An overview of the actual three-dimensional world in which there are spatial properties of any structure in essence, just for simplicity of design an

12、d construction, in many cases people put them down into a piece of flat structure to construct and calculate . At the same time, the system can not be a real sense of space on a simple decomposition has never stopped its own development, but also increasingly shows colorful and creative potential of

13、 the general plane of the structure can not be compared, reflecting the beauty and magic of nature. Excellent performance space not only in the three-dimensional structure of the force, but also because of their reasonable curved shape to effectively resist the role of external loads. When the span

14、increases, the more spatial structure can show their superior technical and economic performance. In fact, when the span reaches a certain level, generally planar structure often been difficult to become a reasonable choice. From domestic and international engineering practice, the majority of large

15、-span buildings using various forms of space architecture.With over twenty years, various types of large-span structures in the United States, Japan, Europe and other developed countries has developed rapidly. Span and increasing the size of the building, now scale up to 150m above the VLSI architec

16、ture has been a non-individual; structure and colorful, with a lot of new materials and new technologies, the development of many new forms of spatial structure. For example, built in 1975 in New Orleans Superdome (Superdome), the diameter of 207m, long considered to be the worlds largest reticulate

17、d shells; this position has now been completed and the summer of 1993 was replaced by 222m diameter of Fukuoka Stadium However, the latter is more famous feature is its retractable: its spherical roof by three rotating fan network shell composed rail sector moving along the circumference, the stadiu

18、m was closed to open 1/3 or 2/3 turn in different states and so on. 1983 stadium built in Calgary, Canada hyperbolic paraboloid cable net roof, its circular plane diameter 135m, it was built for the 1988 Winter Olympics, the appearance is very beautiful, it remains the worlds largest cable-net struc

19、ture. Since the 1970s, due to the improved fabric material structure, membrane structure or cable - membrane structure (with cable reinforced membrane structure) won the development, the United States built many large scale air-supported cable - membrane structure; 1988 Tokyo completion of the Korak

20、uen Baseball Museum, also uses this structure is particularly advanced technology, its diameter is approximately circular plane 204m; Atlanta, USA, built for the 1996 Olympics, Georgia Dome (Geogia Dome, 1992 built) with a novel The overall tensioned cable a membrane structure, its quasi-oval flat c

21、ontour size up 192mX241m. Many grand and distinctive large span building has become a symbol of local signs and famous cultural landscape. Due to the needs of economic and cultural development, people still continue to pursue greater coverage of space, such as it was envisaged that the whole neighbo

22、rhood, the whole square, even the formation of the whole valley covering up an artificial climate-controlled environment or leisure environment people together; to explore and protection of ancient tombs and important monuments, it was envisaged large-span structures to cover up the formation of a c

23、losed environment. Discussion is currently underway in some developed countries over 300m scale for large designs span spatial structure. It can be said that a large span structures of the fastest growing in the last thirty years of formal structure. International Journal of spatial structure editor

24、 horse Stokowski (ZSMakowski) said: In the 1960s, the spatial structure of interest but is also considered a non-traditional structure is still unknown, but today has been widely accepted around the world. From today, the development of large-span and large span structures and spatial structure as i

25、ts core technology has become one of the representatives of a national science and technology an important indicator of the level of the building.Countries in the world for the development of large-span spatial structures put a lot of research funding. For example, as early as 20 years ago, the Amer

26、ican Society of Civil Engineers has organized a 10-year study of the spatial structure plan, investment funds $ 15.5 million. During the same period, West Germany, hosted by the University of Stuttgart, organized a comprehensive study of large-span spatial structure plan, the annual research funding

27、 more than one million marks. These studies for the construction of large-span countries flourish and laid a solid theoretical foundation and technical conditions. International Society of shell and spatial structures (IASS) annual meeting, held annually, and various academic exchange activities, is

28、 one of the most popular leading academic groups currently. Basis of large-span spatial structure of the original is relatively weak, but with the needs of the countrys economic strength and social development, the past decade has made relatively rapid development. Large number of engineering practi

29、ce, the type and form of the spatial structure of gradually moving towards diversification, the corresponding theoretical research and design techniques have gradually improved. Asian Games in Beijing (1990), Harbin Winter Games (1996), Shanghai National Games (1997) for a series of many sports buil

30、dings span space structures represented - as some kind of a symbol of architectural and technological progress at home and abroad have made some impact. ? All the signs described, even though China is still a developing country, but because of the country more than adults, with the growing national

31、strength, to build more and bigger sports, leisure, exhibitions, airports, hangars and other large spaces and large demand for space of the building is very strong, and this demand is likely to exceed a certain extent, in many developed countries. This is a great opportunity for the field of spatial

32、 structure facing our country. But compared with the international advanced level, the development of large-span spatial structures are still some gaps. Mainly in the structure is still relatively cautious, as less bold innovation, indicating lack of ideas between the new building and advanced struc

33、tural combine to create the ideal, especially in engineering practice large-span spatial structure is still relatively less than 150m ; structure type is relatively concentrated in the grid and shell structures with less than cable structure, and some novel structural forms have great prospects, suc

34、h as membrane structure and cable - membrane structure, the overall tension structure, opening and closing structure Abroad there are many successful engineering practice in the country is still in the blank or difficult infancy. It seems the situation is that the development of spatial structure af

35、ter ten years on the relatively flat prairie ride, seems caught in a need to work leapt a new level. This new level contains materials and production conditions and other technical problems, but also contains some theoretical problems are not well solved. To further promote the spatial structure of

36、a higher level of development, to be scientists and entrepreneurs to create conditions in order to achieve these technical issues and theoretical problems solved quickly. Types and forms of large-span spatial structures are very colorful, these types are customarily divided into the following: reinf

37、orced concrete shell structures; flat grid structure; reticulated shells; cable structure; membrane structure and cable - membrane structure; in recent years abroad with more cable dome (Cable Dome) is actually a special form of cable - membrane structure; hybrid structure (Hybrid Structure), usuall

38、y combined with a flexible member and the rigid member. In the various types of spatial structure, reinforced concrete wall structure somewhat in the early 1950s and the late 1960s in Chinas development, was built over the span of a few middle-spherical shell, cylindrical shell, hyperbolic flat shel

39、l and twisted shell, In theoretical research has invested too much power, to develop the appropriate design procedures. However, before the application of this type of structure is less, may be the main reason for the construction is relatively cumbersome and time-consuming. Flat grid and shell stru

40、ctures, including some special form failed to classify the individual, such as folded plate grid structure, multi-planar truss structure, multi-frame multi-span truss structure, the total can be called up spatial grid structure. Such structures in our country has developed rapidly, and continued una

41、bated. Cable structure, membrane structure and cable - membrane structure and other flexible system to resist external loads are tension effect, you can always be called tension structures. Such structures wealthy prospects.五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些

42、外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词

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46、是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下： 1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。

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